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International Census of Marine MicrobesInternational Census of Marine Microbes
Explore the Explore the diversitydiversity, relative , relative abundanceabundance, , and environmental and environmental contextcontext of all of all
microbial life forms in the oceans microbial life forms in the oceans
Archaea Eukarya VirusesBacteria
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International - Global Coverage
Competitive Tag Sequencing - 869 samples 660 completed~13.5 million tag sequences
Final Data set will exceed 18 million tag sequences
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Microbial Population Structure of the World’s OceanMicrobial Population Structure of the World’s Ocean
Frisian Island SyltGuaymas Methane SeepsGulf of AqabaGlobal Protist SurveyHood Canal WashingtonHawaii Ocean Time-SeriesIOMM Cooperative RunGulf of MaineLaCAR Cooperative RunLost CityMount Hope BayHelgolandNew Zealand SedimentOcean Drilling ProjectEnglish ChannelSurreptitious Algal BacteriaStation M SedimentsSpongesSpatial Scaling DiversityHumboldt Marine EcosystemBlack Sea
Arctic Chukchi BeaufortAmazon-Guianas WaterLau Hydrothermal VentAnaerobic Protist ProjectAmundsen Sea AntarcticaAzorean Shallow VentsAzores Waters ProjectBlanes Microbial ObservatoryBaltic Sea ProperBlack Sea RedoxCensus Antarctic MarineCariaco BasinCaribbean Coral BacteriaDeep Subseafloor SedimentCoastal Microbial MatsCoastal New EnglandCoral Reef SedimentDeep Arctic OceanDeep Ocean FluxDeep Sea Eukarya
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Phenotypic DiversityPhenotypic Diversity
Named species:
Bacteria and Archaea: 9,000
Protists: 200,000
Microbial creatures of untold diversity dominate every corner of our biosphere. Estimates of 10 - 100 X diversity of animals.
The number of different kinds of bacteria in the oceans could eclipse 5 to 10 million
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Deep SequencingDeep Sequencing
BacteriaBacteria ArchaeaArchaeaTotal Unique V6 Tag SequencesTotal Unique V6 Tag Sequences 30,10830,108 5,9795,979Total OTUs at 3% DifferenceTotal OTUs at 3% Difference 18,53718,537 1,9311,931Chao1 Estimator of Richness at 3% DifferenceChao1 Estimator of Richness at 3% Difference 36,86936,869 2,7542,754ACE Estimator of Richness at 3% DifferenceACE Estimator of Richness at 3% Difference 37,03837,038 2,6782,678
Huber et al. 2007 Science
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EvennessEvenness
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ActinobacteriaAcidobacteria BacteroidetesChloroflexi
CyanobacteriaDeferrebacteres
Firmicutes
Gemmatimonadetes
NitrospiraLentisphaerae
Planctomycetes
Proteobacteria Verrucomicrobiae
112R 550 M -25.000°E, 50.400°N
115R 4,121 M -25.000°E, 50.400°N
FS312 Axial Sea Mount - Bag City Difuse Flow
FS312 Axial Sea Mount - Mkr 52 Difuse Flow
Soil-Kellogg-5 species
Soil-Kellogg-no plants
Marine vs. SoilEvenness
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How many microbes can you find in a few How many microbes can you find in a few drops of seawater?drops of seawater?
~ 1,000,000 Bacteria~ 1,000,000 Bacteria
~ 1,000,000 Archaea~ 1,000,000 Archaea
~10-10,000 Protists~10-10,000 Protists
~10,000,000 Viruses~10,000,000 Viruses
AbundanceAbundance
10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,00010,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Microbial Cells in the OceanMicrobial Cells in the Ocean
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Visualization Visualization http://vamps.mbl.edu
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Human fecal
profile
Lake Water Combined Sewage overflow
Bacteroidetes Firmicutes
Detection of Anthropogenic Impacts
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1001 1101 1201 1301 1401 1501 1601 1701 1801 1901 2001 2101
Human fecal
profile
Lake WaterCombined Sewage overflow
Firmicutes
Detection of Anthropogenic Impacts
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• Low abundance taxa in rank-ordered, taxon abundance curves• Microbial abundance curves are “long-tail distributions”
Concept of the Rare BiosphereConcept of the Rare Biosphere
• The tail is much greater than previously known• Diversity eclipses all prior estimates of
•Bacterial, Archaeal and Eukaryl diversity• Never-before-seen populations
High Abundance Populations
Taxon-rank distribution curve for microbial communities
Low Abundance Populations
The Rare Biosphere
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Explaining the Rare BiosphereExplaining the Rare Biosphere
• Biogeography• Dispersal from yet to be discovered endemic
sites
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Human
Sponge
Mouse
Rio TintoDeep subsurface
Sulfides/Basalts
Cariaco
Salt Marsh
Lau Seamount
Salt Pond
English Channel
Amunsen
Palmer LTER
Global Distribution of Abundant Tags
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Explaining the Rare BiosphereExplaining the Rare Biosphere
• Biogeography• Dispersal from yet to be discovered endemic sites• Keystone species• Always rare - possibly slow growing or dormant• Persistently rare but capable of becoming
abundant
“Seed” organisms
Genomic novelty• Analogous to heterozygosity in animals or plants• Products of historical ecological change?• Responders to environmental shifts
May serve as sentinel for global change
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Limits to KnowledgeLimits to KnowledgeOperational issues for the Rare Biosphere:
•Definition of microbial diversity - key data - •Start and length of the long tail •Existence of viral, archaeal and eukaryl Rare Biosphere •Tools necessary to define limits of the rare biosphere•Criteria for targeting studies of rare biosphere members
Questions about the Rare Biosphere and how can we seek answers?
•Is the Rare Biosphere globally distributed? or does the Rare biosphere reflect dispersal from endemic sites?
•Does membership in the Rare Biosphere shift across different spatial/temporal scales? •What mechanisms determine membership in the Rare Biosphere? •Why is there a rare biosphere? •Do microbes in the rare biosphere compete for niche space? •Is the rare biosphere a nearly unlimited source of genetic information that can
transfer between microbial populations?•How important are reservoirs in protecting microbial diversity?•Do rare organisms have a selective advantage? •Are there specific mechanisms that allow low-abundance populations
to become dominant in response to environmental shifts?•How does the rare biosphere shape the environment past, present and future?•How might rare organisms impact human health and well being?•Can the rare biosphere serve as a sentinel for global change?•Do rare microbes play a key role in preserving biodiversity?
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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsICoMM 454 participants:Paula AguiarRobert AndersenFelipe ArtigasStefan BertilssonChristina BienholdHenk BolhuisWilliam BrazeltonDavid CaronD. ChandramohanAndrei ChistoserdovMarco CoolenMark DennettSteve D’HondtSlava EpsteinKatrina EdwardsRima FranklinEric GaidosVictor Ariel GallardoGunnar GerdtsJack GilbertKoji HamasakiJulie HuberDavid Karl
David KirchmanConnie LovejoyEls MaasAna MartinsAlison MurrayJan PawlowskiMartin PolzThomas PommierAnton PostJames ProsserAlban RametteMichael RappeAnna-Louise ReysenbachGabrielle RocapJuliette Rooney-VargaJames StaleyThorsten StoeckShinichi SunagawaAndreas TeskeMichael WagnerGordon WebsterPatricia Yager
ICoMM Scientific Organizing Committee:Mitchell SoginJan de LeeuwDavid PattersonLucas StalGerhard HerndlStefan Schouten
ICoMM Secretariat:Linda Amaral-Zettler
ICoMM IT Specialist:Phillip NealAnne ThessenICoMM Scientific Advisory Council:John Baross (Chair)Robert AndersenFelipe ArtigasAntje BoetiusD. ChandramohanKazuhiro KogureCarlos Pedros-AlioFrancisco Rodriguez-Valera