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International Maritime Organizationand How it works.
Edward Kleverlaan
IMO Technical Officer
Marine Environment Division
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International Maritime Organization
• Specialized United Nations agency
‘Safe, secure and efficient shipping on clean oceans’
• Is the competent international organization for regulating shipping matters (e.g. UNCLOS Art 211)– Maintains balance between protection of the
environment and navigation rights
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Global coverage
• 168 Member States• All major ship owning
nations• All major port &
coastal states• Industry Peak bodies,
and,• IGOs and NGOs
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Headquarters in London – United Kingdom
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Headquarters in London – United Kingdom
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International Maritime Organization
• Develops global regulations - maintain safety and
security of international shipping and to prevent marine pollution from ships
• Involved in creating liability and compensation regimes
• Adopts instruments (legislation) and guidelines at the intergovernmental level
• Member Governments are responsible for implementing and enforcing the adopted regulatory framework.
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Instruments
• Conventions or Protocols• Amendments to Conventions or Protocols• Resolutions, Codes, Guidelines, Recommendations,
etc.
• The phases from adoption to implementation and enforcement:
– Adoption, after discussion in IMO– Entry into force internationally– Implementation (by flag States)– Enforcement (by port and coastal States)
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IMO at work
• Assembly• Council
Committees• Maritime Safety• Marine Environment Protection • Legal• Technical Cooperation• Facilitation
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Key Committees
•Maritime Safety Committee– Safety pre-eminent
importance• Navigation
•Marine Environment Protection Committee– Focus pollution prevention and reposnse– Biological concerns with aquatic nuisance
species transferred through ballast water
and biofouling– Individual animal issues
• Ship strikes of right whales
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Sub-Committees
• Bulk Liquid and Gases• Carriage of Dangerous Goods, Solid Cargoes and
Containers• Fire Protection• Flag State Implementation• Safety of Navigation• Ship Design and Equipment• Stability, Load Lines and Fishing Vessel Safety• Standards of Training and Watchkeeping
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ASSEMBLY168 Member States, meets
every 2 years
COUNCIL40 States, every 6 months
TCC
SUB-COMMITTEES
SLF FSIBLGDSCNAVCOMSARDEFPSTW
FAL MSC MEPC LEG
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IncidentIncident Proposal to IMOProposal to IMO CommitteeCommittee
Discussion, refer Discussion, refer to Sub-Committee, to Sub-Committee,
Working GroupWorking Group
Development of draft Development of draft Regulation, circular, Regulation, circular,
Code or resolutionCode or resolutionAdoption of Adoption of
new regulationnew regulation
Idea,Idea,developmentdevelopment
Progress of measures at IMO - example
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Respective Roles
IMO - Develop safety and environment standards
Governments - Implement/Enforce the standards
Classification Societies - Survey and Certification
Shipping Companies - Apply the standards to their ships
Shipboard Personnel - Putting standards into operation
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Application to real ships
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Application to real ships
• More than 50 IMO Conventions• More than 100 protocols, guidelines,
recommendations etc• Almost every aspect of shipping
covered:DesignConstructionEquipmentMaintenanceCrewDischarges/emissions
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Safety and security
• SOLAS (Safety of life at sea)
• STCW (Training/Watch keeping)
• Load lines (Cargo safety limits)
• COLREGS (Collision avoidance)
• SUA (Suppression of Unlawful Acts)
• ISPS Code (Port Security)
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Pollution prevention
• MARPOL 73/78• Intervention 69/73• London Dumping 72 and
Protocol 96• Anti-fouling 2001• Ballast water management
2004• Wreck removal 2004• Ship Recycling 2009
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Search and rescue/pollution response and compensation
• SAR
• OPRC (oil) -
• OPRC-HNS Protocol
• Liability and Compensation –
CLC; FUND; BUNKER; HNS Conv
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Uptake across the world• SOLAS 98.79% world
tonnage• COLREGS 98.50%• STCW 98.77% • MARPOL(I&II) 98.34%• MARPOL(97 Prot) 74.73%
• OPRC 90 65.17%• OPRC-HNS 17.83%• AFSC 01 62.69%
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Remember IMO instruments to protect the marine environment
from shipping are:
– SOLAS, COLREGS (safety)– MARPOL (operational/accidental discharges)– Intervention Convention (threats to coast)– Anti-fouling Systems Convention (toxic chemicals)– Ballast Water Management Convention
(invasive species) – OPRC (& HNS) – (oil/chemical spill) and the
London Convention/Protocol (dumping at sea of wastes)
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MARPOL
• 6 annexes cover ship-generated pollution (oil, NLS, Sewage, Garbage and air emissions)
• Ensures ships are adequately designed, equipped, certified and inspected
• Requires States to deal with wastes – reception facilities
• Applies to all ships (oil and gas exploration exempted)
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AFS – Convention (2001)
• AIM: to reduce or eliminate adverse effects on the marine environment and human health caused by anti-fouling systems
• Convention entered into force on 17 September 2008
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Ballast Water Management Convention (2004)
AIM: Prevent, minimize and ultimately eliminate the risks to the environment, ……. arising from the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens.
….through the control and management of ships’ ballast water and sediments, ….
Convention is not yet in force
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OPRC Convention and the OPRC-HNS ProtocolOPRC Convention and the OPRC-HNS Protocol
Basic Obligations under OPRC and Regional Agreement:
Establish and maintain a national response system
Exchange of information
Early notification/Reporting
Mutual assistance
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• London ConventionPromote the effective control of all sources of marine pollution– Contracting Parties shall take
effective measures to prevent pollution of the marine environment caused by dumping at sea.
• 1996 ProtocolProtect the marine environment from all sources of pollution– Contracting Parties
shall take effective measures to prevent, reduce and where practicable eliminate marine pollution caused by dumping or incineration of wastes at sea.
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Other International Agreements to protect marine environment:
• Land-based pollution
Basel Convention 1989Global Programme of Action 1995
Atmospheric pollution
Kyoto Protocol 1992Stockholm Convention 2001
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Interplay between international agreements
Healthy oceans
Sea-based inputs Land-based inputs Atmospheric inputs
MARPOL,OPRC, BWM,
AFSC, etc
BaselGPAUNCLOS
Regional agreements
POPUNFCCC-
KyotoIMOBiodiversity
ICRI
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Summary
IMO
• Is a specialized UN agency
• Develops global regulations to ensure that shipping is safe, secure, efficient and environmentally friendly
• With a global coverage for a truly global industry and the community as a whole
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Thank you for your attention
Any questions!