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LABORATORY ACTIVITY
SISTEM REPRODUKTIF
BAGIAN FISIOLOGI
FK UNISBA
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What will we discuss to day?
Review the function of each part of Male and
Female Reproductive organ
Regulation of hormones on Male Reproductive
Regulation of hormones on Female Reproductive Reproductive Cycle on Female Reproductive include
Ovarian Cycle
Menstrual Cycle
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General function of male reproduction system
Male reproductive system
Testes : Produce sperm and secrete the male sexhormone testosterone
Hypothalamus
Male reproductive duct : transport, store and assist inmaturation of sperm, conveys sperm to the exteriorAccessory sex glands: secrete most of the liquid portion
of semen Penis contains the urethra : a passageway for
ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine
Scrotum : supporting structure for the testes
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General function of female reproduction system
Female reproductive system Ovaries : produce secondary oocytes and hormones,
including progesterone and estrogens (female sexhormones), inhibin and relaxin
Uterine tubes (fallopian tube) : transport a secondaryoocyte to the uterus and normally are the sites wherefertilization occurs
Uterus : site of implantation of a fertilized ovum,
development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor Vagina : receives the penis during sexual intercourse
and is a passageway for childbirth
Mammary glands : synthesize, secrete and eject milk
for nourishmentof the newborn
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Function of testes, duct and accessory glands
Seminiferous tubules: produce sperm (spermatogenesis)
Spermatogenic cells : the sperm-forming cells
Starting at puberty, sperm production begins at the periphery of the
seminiferous tubule.
(Students had been learnt about spermatogenesis)
Sertoli cells: supporting spermatogenesis
Nourish spermatocytes, spermatids and sperm
Phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm as development proceeds
Control movements of spermatogenic cells Release of sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
Produce fluid for sperm transport
Secrete androgen-binding protein and the hormone inhibin
Mediate the effect of testosterone and FSH
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Leydig cells (interstitial endocrinocytes) : the cluster of cells that lie in
the space between adjacent seminiferous tubules.
Secrete testosterone (the most prevalent androgen)
The functions of androgen:
Promote development of masculine characteristics
Promote libido (sexual desire) in both male and female
Scrotum
The function of scrotum : regulate the temperature of the testes. Normal sperm production requires a temperature about 2-3oC below
core body temperature. This lowered temperature is maintained
within the scrotum because it is outside the pelvic cavity.
The cremaster muscle elevates the testes upon exposure to cold (andduring sexual arousal). This action moves the testes closer to the
pelvic cavity, where they can absorb body heat. Exposure to warmth
reverses the process.
The dartos muscle also contracts in response to cold and relaxes inresponse to warmth
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Epididymis:
The site where sperm matureacquire motility andthe ability to fertilize an ovum
Stores sperm and helps propel sperm by peristalticcontraction of this smooth muscle into the ductus (vas)deferens. Sperm may remain in storage in the ductus
epididymis for a month or more
Ductus deferens :
Strores sperm, which can remain viable here for up toseveral months.
Conveys sperm from the epididymis toward the urethraby peristaltic contractions of the muscular coat. Sperm
that are not ejaculated are eventually reabsorb.
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Spermatic cord :
A supporting structure that ascends out of the scrotum
Ejaculatoryducts:
Eject sperm and seminal vesicle secretion to theprostatic urethra just before ejaculation
Urethra
A passageway for both semen and urine
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy (penile) urethra
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Composition of semen
Seminal vesicle: Secrete: alkaline, viscous fluid (60% semen volume)
containing fructose, prostaglandins, clotting
proteins.
Alkaline to neutralize the acidic environment.
Fructose for ATP production of the sperm.
Prostaglandin for sperm motility and viability,stimulate smooth muscle contraction within female.
Clotting proteins for semen coagulation after
ejaculation.
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Composition of semen
Prostate:
Secrete: milky, slightly acidic fluid (25 % semen volume )
Citric acid for ATP production.
Proteolytic enzymes: prostate-specific antigen (PSA),pepsinogen, lysozyme, amylase, hyaluroindase (breakdownthe clotting proteins from the seminal vesicles).
Acid phosphatase: function unknown.
Seminalplasmin: antibiotic.
Bulbourethral gland:
Secrete: alkaline fluid, mucus
Alkaline fluid: protect the sperm by neutralizing acids fromurine.
Mucus: lubricates the end of the penis, lining the urethra
decrease the number of sperm damaged during ejaculation.
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Function of Penis
Erection:
The Enlargement and Stiffening of the Penis :
upon sexual stimulation, which may be visual,
tactile, auditory, olfactory or imagined the arterysupplying the penis dilate, and large quantities of
blood enter the blood sinuses.
Expansion of these spaces compresses the veinsdraining the penis so blood outflow is slowed.
These vascular changes due to local release of
nitric oxide and parasympathetic reflex
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Ejaculation:
Sympathetic reflex that make the smooth muscle
sphincter at the base of urinary bladder closes sourine can expelled during ejaculation.
On this action some semen expelled from penis.
Ejaculation include emission and expulsion. Thevolume and sperm content of ejaculate depend on
the length of time between ejaculations.
The average human ejaculate contains about 180million sperm but can be reach 400 million sperm,
the semen ranging from 2-6 ml.
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Hormonal Regulation of male reproductive system
At puberty secretion of GnRH is increased,
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH,
LH stimulates Leydig cells (interstitial cells) to secrete testosterone. In the external genitals and prostate, testosterone is converted to
dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5-alpha reductase.
FSH indirectly stimulate spermatogenesis.
FSH and testosterone stimulate secretion of androgen-binding protein bySertoli cells.
Release of FSH is stimulated by GnRH and inhibited by inhibin.
Relase of LH is stimulated by GnRH and inhibited by testosterone.
Effects of Testosterone and DHT:
- Male pattern of development (before birth),
- Enlargement of male sex organs and expression of male secondary sex
characteristics (starting at puberty),
- Anabolism (protein synthesis).
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Regulation Hormon on Female Reproduction
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Hormonal regulation of female reproductive cycle
Progesterone is secreted mainly by the corpus luteum
Cooperates with estrogen to prepare and maintain
the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized
ovum and to prepare the mammary glands for milk
secretion.
High levels of progesterone also inhibit secretion of
GnRH and LH.
Inhibin is secreted by granullosa cells of growingfollicles and by the corpus luteum after ovulation.
Inhibit secretion of FSH and to a lesser extent, LH.
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Relaxin is secreted by corpus luteum (small
quantity)
to relaxes the uterus by inhibitingcontractions of the myometrium.
During pregnancy, the placenta produces
much more relaxin, and it continues to relaxuterine smooth muscle.
At the end of pregnancy, relaxin also increases
the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and may
help dilate the uterine cervix, both of which
ease delivery of the baby.
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F l R d ti C l
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Female Reproductive Cycle
Phases of the Female Reproductive Cycle
Menstrual Phase (Menstruation, Menses)
Pre-ovulatory Phase (Proliferation Phase)
Menstruation and Proliferation Phase=
Follicular phase.
Ovulation
Post-ovulatory Phase (Secretory Phase)
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Terms related to Female Reproductive Cycle
Ovarian cycle: a series of events in the ovaries
that occur during and after the maturation ofan oocyte.
Uterine (menstrual) cycle: a concurrent series
of changes in the endometrium of the uterusfor receiving the fertilized ovum.
Female reproductive cycle: encompass the
ovarian and uterine cycles, hormonal changes,
related cyclical changes in the breast and
cervix
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Hormonal Regulation
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH.
FSH initiates follicular growth, LH stimulates further
development of the ovarian follicles.
LH stimulates the theca cells to produce androgens.
FSH influence androgens uptake by the granulosa
cells to be converted into estrogens.
At midcycle: LH triggers ovulation, promotes
formation of the corpus luteum.
Corpus luteum produces and secretes estrogens,
progesterone, relaxin and inhibin.
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