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Intro to Ecology
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Ecology• scientific study of the interactions between
organisms and the environment• interactions determine distribution of
organisms and their abundance
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Organisms and the Environment
• The environment of any organism includes:– Abiotic, or nonliving, components
• Temperature• Water• Sunlight• Wind• Rocks and soil
– Biotic, or living, components• Interactions with other species• Predation• Competition
• Environmental components affect the distribution and abundance of organisms
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Subfields of Ecology• Organismal ecology studies how an organism’s
structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet environmental challenges
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Subfields of Ecology
• Population ecology focuses on factors affecting how many individuals of a species live in an area
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Subfields of Ecology
• Community ecology deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community
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Subfields of Ecology
• Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components
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Subfields of Ecology• Landscape ecology deals with arrays of
ecosystems and how they are arranged in a geographic region
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Climate
• Four major abiotic components of climate: temperature, water, sunlight, and wind
• Global climate patterns are determined largely by solar energy and the planet’s movement in space
• Sunlight intensity• Oceans and their currents and large lakes• Mountains
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Biomes
• major ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water– determined by combinations of abiotic and biotic
factors
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Aquatic Biomes
• Major aquatic biomes:– Lakes– Wetlands– Streams and rivers– Estuaries– Intertidal zones– Oceanic pelagic biome– Coral reefs– Marine benthic zone
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Terrestrial Biomes
• Major terrestrial biomes:– Tropical forest– Desert– Savanna– Chaparral– Temperate grassland– Coniferous forest– Temperate broadleaf forest– Tundra
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LE 50-19
Temperate grassland
Tropic ofCancer
30°N
Tropic ofCapricorn
30°S
Equator
Tropical forest
DesertSavanna
Key Chaparral
Coniferous forestTemperate broadleaf forest
TundraHigh mountainsPolar ice
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