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Introductions to Res earch Met
hods Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul Faculty of Economic
s Chulalongkorn Univ
ersity
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Purposes• to develop competence
and confidence in doingresearch
• to guide trainees to dev elop a research proposal
• to put pressure on stude nts to start their MSc the
sis/individual study papers
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Tasks of a Trainee•to take initiative and
present to the supervisor
•to respond to questions, challenges and requests
•to explore alternatives for working effectively
•to plan and execute the research project within the prescribed time period
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Tasks of a Supervisor•to direct/guide/push
•to refine/focus ideas•to challenge/correct •to encourage/value•to discuss/interact •to evaluate/judge
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Types of Research•Basic Research
–expand knowledge base
•Applied Research–to evaluate–to predict (forecast)–to make decision (design/fund/implement)
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Common Problems•selecting a research
topic•writing proposal•gathering information•analyzing literature•working with supervisor
•managing time•writing/presenting the report
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Doing Researc
h•Starting Research•Managing Research
•Reporting Research
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Starting Research•clarifying research problems
•formulating research questions
•establishing research objectives
•outlining research methods•conducting literature review•drafting a concept proposal
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Area of Interest
Research Topic
Research ObjectivesResearch Questions
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Area of InterestExamples–Competition in Carbon Trading
– Economics of Flood Control
–Compliance of Environmental Laws
Researchers’ Discipline a nd Background Knowledge
Position of Institution Funding agencies
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Research Topic (1)
• unsolved problems, e.g.,–Right on natural resources
–Energy-environment trade-offs
–Local Tax, Local Public Goods/Bads
–Participation of the priva te sector in Environment Management
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Research Topic (2)
• personal aspirations, e.g.,–Mass Transportation Financing
–Traffic Restriction Zone–Feed-in Tariff for Electricity from Renewable Energy
–Cost-effectiveness of Waste-To-Energy (WTE) in waste management
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Statement of ProblemDescription of research topic
•Background information
•Evidence/prior research
•high priority•magnitude of the impact
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Research Objectives
(1)What is to be achieved through research?
•provide basis for detailed design of the research
•allow evaluation of the research
•provide criteria to measure the outcomes
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Research Objectives
(2) General Objectives (only one or two)– to study the efficie ncy of carbon trading markets
– to study the role ofThailand in the market
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Research Objectives
(3) Specific Objectives– to derive the cost func tion of a Certified Emission Reductions (CERs)
– to determine the facto rs affecting demand fo r CERs– to compare unit cost ofThailand and other countries for CERs
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Research Questions
(1)Derived from the research objectives. They provide direction of the research methods, i.e.,
•hypothesis tests•data requirement/acquisition
•data analysis/ interpretation
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Research Questions
(2)Questions should be about
•Size or magnitude•Order•Probability (error and bias)
•Relationship or Causality
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Research Questions
(3)Examples• Is the CER market competitive?
• What are the unit costs ofCERs?
• What are the significant de terminants of the demand ? And how large are their effects?
• What are the significant de terminants of the supply?
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Research Questions
(4)Don’t ask•How will the unit cost be measured?
•Where will the data be collected?
•What are the cost components?
Why? The answers to these questions should be stated in the Methodology section. Without them, the research will not be approved.
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Literature Review
Conceptual FrameworkResearch MethodsConcept Proposal
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Literature Review (1)•Served as the source of
specific knowledge, research topic, conceptual framework and research methods.
•Only prior research works and advanced materials. Review of basic theories is pre-requisite of the research not a part of it.
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Literature Review (2) Sources of Literature
• theses, dissertation• journals, e.g., Journal of Environmental Economics and Management
• academic working papers , .e.g.,– National Bureau of Econom ic Research (http://www.nber.org)
–http://econpapers.repec.org
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Literature Review (3) Sources of Literature (c
ont’d)• Publications of Countr y Government and Inte rnational Organization• Advanced textbooks o r monographs• Encyclopedia, Handbooks
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Conceptual Framework
(1)•Integration of ideas from reviewed literature and personal initiatives
•Statement or more preferable schematic diagram showing relationship or interaction between variables, data analysis and interpretation not the sequences or schedule of research execution
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Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
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Supply functionDemand function
Equilbrium Q > Observed Q
yes
No Comp
etitive
Non-competitive
Conceptual Framework
(2)
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Research MethodsServed as Blueprint
•Timeframe/stages of execution
•Data Collection method and data sources (Measuring tools/Survey/ Interview)
•Analysis tools/Model/Graphs•Calculation/Estimation method•Hypothesis tests/Interpretation of results
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Conceptual Proposal (1)Served as the first written document to communicate the research idea with supervisor, colleagues and/or funding agencies before developing the detailed proposal
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Conceptual Proposal (2)Outline•Research Title•Statement of Problem
•Research Objectives•Research Questions•Conceptual Framework
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Conceptual Proposal (3)Outline (cont’d)• Resource Required
– Preliminary Budget– Organization and Mem bers of Research Team
•References– list of reviewed literature