Download - Introduction and History of Psychology
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Introduction and History of Psychology
Lesson 1
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Many things that happen to us leave no record in memory
True or False?
True: Most of the information around us never reaches memory, and what does reach memory often gets distorted
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You are born with all the brain cells you will ever have
True or False?
False: Recent research shows that some parts of the brain continue producing new cells throughout life
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Intelligence is a purely genetic trait that does not change throughout a person’s life
True or False?
False: Intelligence is the result of both heredity and environment, and may change throughout your life
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The most common form of mental disorder occurs in 30% of the population
True or False?
True: Depression, the single most common disorder, may affect up to a third of the population at some point in their lives
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Repeated exposure to the same face leads us to like it less
False: Familiar people (and their faces) are generally liked more than less familiar people
True or False?
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What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?
Psychology is a broad field, with many specialties, but
fundamentally, psychology is the science of the brain and
mental processes
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What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?
Psychology – The scientific study of the brain and mental processes
Psychology is not Mere speculation about human nature A body of folk wisdom about people
that “everybody knows” to be true
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Pseudopsychology –Erroneous assertions of practices set forth as being scientific psychology
What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?
Psychology disputes unfounded claims from pseudopsychology
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What DoPsychologists Do?
Psychology is a broad field with many specialties, grouped
in three major categories: experimental psychology,
teaching of psychology and applied psychology
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What DoPsychologists Do?
Experimental psychologists• Conduct most research across
psychological spectrum• May work in private industry or for the
government • Often teach at college or university
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I/O Sports
School
Counseling
Forensic
Psychobiology
Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems
Clinical
What DoPsychologists Do?
Applied psychologists
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What Are Psychology’s Historical Roots?
Modern psychology developed from several
conflicting traditions, including structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt
psychology, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis
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Devoted to uncovering basic structures that make
up mind and thought
History
Structuralism
Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
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Structuralism
German Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)Generally acknowledged as
establishing modern psychology as a separate field of study
Structuralist: Focused on the basic elements of human mental experience
Very important was his systematic approach to draw others to psychology
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Believed mental processes could best be understood in
terms of their adaptive purpose and function
Tradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
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Functionalism
American William James (1842-1910) ‘Father of Psychology’ in the USAFunctionalist: focused on the actions
of the conscious mind and goal of behaviours
Functionalists study how animals and people adapt to their environments
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Interested in how we construct “perceptual
wholes”
Tradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
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Gestalt Psychology
A group of German psychologists who disagreed with the structuralism and functionalism
Argued that perception looks at the whole not a sum of its parts; “whole pattern” is Gestalt in German
Studied how sensation is assembled into perceptual experiences
A forerunner to other, later, cognitive approaches
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Argued psychology should deal solely with observable
events
Tradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
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Behavioralism
Russian Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) started the movement
Famous for Pavlov’s Dog’s experiment -- conditioning
Led to research exploring the development of behaviour
Behaviourists: believe psychology should concern itself only with observable facts of behaviour
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Asserted mental disorders arise from conflicts in the
unconscious mind
Tradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
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Psychoanalysis
Austrian Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)More interested in the unconscious
mind unlike other psychologists of the time
Theorized to use free-association to reveal unconscious processes
Psychoanalyst: studies how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behaviour
His views remain a tool in many applications today
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