Download - Introduction to cartography geography1
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Cartography
Types of maps, their uses and symbols
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What is a map?
• A 2-dimensional representation of a 3-dimensional object
• A generalized representation of the world
• No map is ever completely accurate or complete
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General maps• Show a variety of base information• E.g. coastlines, settlements, rivers, landforms• Showing the base data is the chief function of
the map
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Thematic maps
• Show a particular theme
• Other irrelevant information is filtered out
• Settlements, landforms, coastlines etc may also be show as points of reference
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Thematic maps – choropleth maps
• Use colour to show differences in values between various areas
• Advantage: easy to read
• Disadvantage: can be too generalized
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Thematic maps – proportional symbol maps
• Symbols are place on the map to indicate the location of specific data
• The size (proportion) of the symbols represents the quantity of the data
• Advantage: data is more location-specific
• Symbol sizes can be missleading
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Using symbols that add meaning
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Using 3D 0bjects
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Proportional symbol map using pie charts
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Thematic maps – isopleth maps
• Also known as contour maps
• Lines are used to connect data of the same value
• E.g elevation (height), temperature, pressure, humidity
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Thematic maps – dot maps
• Dots are used to show the specific location of phenomena
• E.g settlements, shops, deaths, earthquakes
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John Snow’s cholera map, 1854
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Cartograms
• Thematic map• Area is substituted for
another value• Therefore shapes are
distorted• Not a true map since
scale is variable
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Greenhouse gas emissions 2008
For more cartograms: http://www.worldmapper.org/index.html
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Topographic maps
• Show a lot of detail• Show elevation (height)
above sea level• Useful for town and
country planners and hikers
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Typical symbols on topographic maps
• Settlements• Communications• Natural features• Cultural features
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All maps need:
• A scale• A compass, or at least an
arrow showing north. (not necessary on world maps)
• A key• Without these it is not a
map, it is instead a diagram or a figure
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Scale
• Shows how large objects on the map are in the real world
• A map scale is therefore a ratio
Source: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geography-boundary/mapping/topographic-mapping/10091
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Scale
• Problem with small and large
• Small numerical scale e.g. 1:1000 = large scale map– Large scale maps show a smaller
area but greater detail
• Large numerical scale e.g. 1:500,000 = small scale map– Small scale maps show a larger
area but less detail
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Ways of writing scale
1. As a ratio: for example 1/10,000 or 1:10,000– Advantage: easy to read– Disadvantage: becomes inaccurate when a map is copied
2. As a scale bar: for example – Advantage: easy to visualize– Remains accurate when map is copied– Disadvantage: some scale bars do not start at zero and
may be misinterpreted
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The compass• Cardinal points: North
East South West
• N = 00
• E = 900
• S = 1800
• W = 2700
• Convention: north normally points straight up on a map (but not always)
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True or magnetic north?
All maps use true northWhich corresponds to the Earth’s axis
Magnetic north True north
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Review
• Using your course-book, find 2 examples each of the following:
1. A general map*2. A choropleth map*3. A proportional symbol map*4. A dot map*5. An isopleth map*
Then describe the main function of each map
*most of the maps in the course book are figures, since they do not have a compass, scale etc, but ignore this