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Introduction to Cells and the Microscope
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Brief history of cells…
1665 Hooke sees “cells” in cork
1674 Van Leeuwenhoek observes living cells in water
1838 Schleiden theorizes all plants are made up of cells
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Early Microscopes
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1839 Schwann theorizes all animals are made up of cells
1855 Virchow theorizes all cells are “born” from other cells
Cell theory completed…
STOP HERE
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The Cell Theory
1. All living things are composed of cells.
2. Cells are basic units of structure & function in living things 3. Cells come from preexisting cells.
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The Microscope = produces enlarged image with detail
• Magnification = increase in object's size
• Led to the discovery of cells
• Resolution = power to show clear detail
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Compound Light Microscope - light passes through specimen; magnifies up to ~400 times
Advantages: inexpensive; specimens alive or dead
Disadvantages: not powerful; poor resolution
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Transmission
Scanning
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Cell Diversity
• Cells vary in:
1. Size
2. Shape
3. Internal organization
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1. Size – surface area-to-volume ratio keeps cells small
• As cells grow, volume increases faster than surface area
• If cell continued to grow, it would burst
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2. Shape – reflects function of cell
Ex: nerve cells, red blood cells
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3. Internal Organization • Organelle = cell component that performs a specific function for the cell
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Types of Cells:
“Pro”= before; “kary”= nucleusa. DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm & cell membrane
1.Prokaryote – simple cells (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)
b. unicellular (bacteria)
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2.Eukaryote – complex cells “Eu”= true; “kary”= nucleus a. has nucleus & membrane bound organelles
c. Two types of eukaryotes:
1) Animal2) Plant
b. unicellular or multicellular
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Eukaryotic Cell Structures
• Organelle = cell component that performs a specific function for the cell
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2. Cytoplasm – space within cell
a. gel-like fluid that suspends organelles
a. STRUCTURE: Bilayer (2 layers) of PHOSPHOLIPIDS
1. Cell (plasma) Membrane = thin layer surrounding cell
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Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
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3. Nucleus – controls all activities of cell
Three major parts:a. Nuclear membrane/ envelope = allows certain materials into & out of nucleus through pores
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c. DNA (chromatin) – hereditary info.
b. Nucleolus = makes ribosomes
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4. Mitochondria – makes ENERGY (ATP) for cell
b. Inner, folded membrane = CRISTAE
a. Has its own DNA
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5. Ribosomes – makes PROTEINS (directed by nucleus)
a. free floating in cytoplasm
b. attached to endoplasmic reticulum
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6. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – TRANSPORT materials from ribosomes to Golgi complex
a. Rough ER = ribosomes attached; transports PROTEINS
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b. Smooth ER = no ribosomes; makes & transports LIPIDS
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7. Golgi apparatus (bodies) – MODIFIES, PACKAGES & SECRETES PROTEINS to inside & outside of cell
a. packages proteins into VESICLES [small bubbles]
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8. Lysosomes –BREAK DOWN wastes, food & old cell parts using enzymes
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9. Cilia – short hair-like projections for MOVEMENT
10. Flagella – long, whip-like structure for MOVEMENT
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11. Vacuoles – fluid-filled pouch that STORES water, food & some wastes
a. very LARGE in PLANT Cells; small in animal cells
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12. Cell wall – rigid structure outside cell membrane for STRUCTURE, SUPPORT & PROTECTION
a. made of CELLULOSE
b. Only in PLANT cells
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13. Chloroplast – converts LIGHT energy to CHEMICAL energy (photosynthesis)
a. contain CHLOROPHYLL [pigment that captures light]
b. Only in PLANT cells
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14. Centrioles –make spindle fibers in cell division
a. only in ANIMAL cells
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15. Cytoskeleton – protein filaments that helps a cell MAINTAIN ITS’ SHAPE.
a. Acts as the skeleton for a cell.
b. Made from microfilaments and microtubules.
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Organelle Poster
** Get in to groups of 2 or 3** Pick an organelle** Grab a poster and supplies** YOU CAN ONLY USE 5 WORDS ON YOUR POSTER!!!** Describe your organelle on your poster with SKETCHES or SYMBOLS
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Poster Presentation• You will get about 5 mins to rehearse what you will
say in your 2 min presentation• EVERY student MUST participate to get full credit!• Questions to answer for the presentation:
• What is my organelle?• What is the function of my organelle?• How do my sketches describe the function of my organelle?• How can I describe the function of my organelle in a way
that the class will remember it for the quiz?• Does my organelle work with other organelles in the cell?
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Quiz Tomorrow!!!
Ask yourself this…• Can I label the structures and functions of a
compound microscope?• Will I be able to describe the early history of cells and
microscopes from the notes?• Do I understand the Cell Theory?• Can I describe the function of ALL the organelles we
discussed in class?• IF YES…THEN YOU WILL DO GREAT!