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INTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTION
AP BIOLOGY
MR. ORNDORFF
FEB. 2004
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Special Creation vs. Evolution
• Species distinct and created separately by a divine being.
• Earth is thousands of years old. Humans present at original creation.
• Must be accepted on faith (religion).
• Species are all related through “descent with modification.”
• Earth is billions of years old. Humans appeared late in earth’s history.
• Must be testable and supported with evidence (science).
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Microevolution vs. macroevolution
• Small-scale evolution (change within a species).
• Examples:– Darwin’s Finches
– Pesticide resistant insects
• Grand-scale evolution (mass extinction and creation of new species)
• Examples:– Eu- from prokaryotes
– Extinction of dinosaurs
– Adaptive radiation of mammals
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Evidence for macroevolution
• Biogeography (no placental mammals in Australia).
• Fossil Record (vertebrate skeletons) (Whale Fossils-http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/11/2/e_s_3.html)
• Comparative anatomy (homologous structures and vestigial organs).
• Comparative embryology. (Embryology Film Clip- http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/04/2/quicktime/l_042_02.html)
• Molecular biology (DNA and proteins).
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Fossil formation (Fig. 22.2)
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Homologous structures (Fig. 22.9)
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Molecular data and vertebrate evolution (Fig. 22.11)
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Mechanisms for Evolution
Lamarck (1744-1829)• Organisms “feel a
need” to adapt.• Use and disuse idea
(e.g. blacksmith biceps and giraffe neck).
• Inheritance of acquired characteristics theory.
Darwin (1809-1882)• Individuals vary (e.g.
pigeons and dogs).• Like tends to beget like.• Limited resources allow
few offspring to survive.• Theory of natural
selection.
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Subtleties of Natural Selection
• Individual organisms do not evolve. A population is the smallest unit that evolves.
• Natural selection acts only on hereditable variations (i.e. genetically controlled traits).
• Natural selection acts differently as environmental factors vary from place to place and time to time.
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Natural selection in action (Fig. 22.7)