Introduction to High Quality Water Infrastructure in Japan
Dr. Satoshi Takizawa
Professor, Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo
644,723 km = 16 rounds of the earth
Total length of water supply pipes in Japan
Year2010 2011 2012
CategoryWater Supply 621,565 627,780 633,361
Raw Water Conveyance pipes 9,838 9,875 9,939
Water Transmission pipes 20,727 21,128 21,387
Water Distribution pipes 591,000 596,777 602,035
Bulk Water Supply 11,311 11,379 11,362
Raw Water Conveyance pipes 1,114 1,115 1,121
Water Transmission pipes 10,197 10,264 10,241
Total 632,876 639,159 644,7232
2010 2011 2015
Total Population 1,000 capita 128,000 127,713 127,440
Water Supply Population 1,000 capita 124,817 124,657 124,466
Coverage Ratio 97.5% 97.6% 97.8%
Daily Maximum Water Supply Volume 1,000 m3 48,149 47,240 46,383
Daily Average Water Supply Volume 1,000 m3 41,482 40,838 40,611
Waterworks in Japan
First Modern Waterworks: Yokohama in 1887Average Supply Volume: 326 LCD
3
Water Leakage: 7.2% (JPN Ave.)Tokyo Metro.: 2.0% (2012)
Reduction of Water Leakage
10.0%
9.8%9.7%
9.1%8.9%
8.7%8.6%
8.3%8.2%
7.9%
7.8%
7.6%
7.7%
7.5%7.3%
7.1%
7.2%
7.1%
7.6%
7.2%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
11%
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
4Reduction of water loss
Energy recovery from sewage sludge
5
VVVF Inverter Pumps• Variable flow• Max. 50% energy saving
Small-scale hydro-power station
City-wide energy saving in Water Supply
6http://www.waterworks.metro.tokyo.jp/water/torikumi/kankyou/kankyokeikaku2013-2015pamphlet.pdf
Tokyo Waterworks: Environmental Plan 2013-2015
Direct Supply
Water Tanks
Water utility Water users
Energy consumption for water supply in Tokyo
Energy saving in 3 years:
Tokyo Olympic Game 2020
7
Water reclamation and reuse by advanced wastewater treatment
8
Ariake Water Reclamation Plant
Tokyo Big Sight
Toilet flushingTrain washing
Improvement of landscape water qualityODAIBA Seaside Park
Source: Bureau of Sewerage Works Bureau, http://www.gesui.metro.tokyo.jp/odekake/syorijyo/03_12.htm#shibaura_topMILT, http://www.mlit.go.jp/crd/city/sewerage/gyosei/shorisui.html
BOD < 1mg/LCOD 9mg/LT-N 11.5 mg/LT-P 0.3 mg/L
Annual use for environmental restoration
Energy recovery from sewage sludge
9
Egg-Shape Sludge Digester
Fuel Production from Sludge
10
Water shortage in Okinawa Island
Dams, National
Dams, prefectural
Dams, water utility
Middle Rivers
Northern Rivers
Western Rivers
WellsDesalination Plant
0 10km
Map of water resources in Okinawa(as of 2009)
New water resources
National Dams
Rubber Gate Dams
Traditional water sourceGroundwater
Okinawa Pref.Population: 1.3 millionTourist: 5 million/year
Desalination
11
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Year
No-water days
PrecipitationPrec
ipita
tion
(mm
/yea
r)W
ater supply outage(days/year)
Water shortage in Okinawa Island
Supply outage
Desalination plant in full operation in 1997
Desalination capacity: 40,000 m3/dTotal supply volume in Okinawa: 420,000 m3/d
Western rivers(9 rivers)
+Northern river (2 rivers)
Fukuchi dam Kushi WTP
P
Nishihara WTP
P
P
Ishikawa WTP
Yamashiro dam
Kanna dam + Kin dam
Western rivers (3 rivers)
Hanechi dam
P
Chatan WTP
Kurashiki dam
Middle rivers
Wells
P
7,172
17,773
12,731
15,223
40,168
4,372
1,115
9,101
4,205
85,717
14,42414,133
Others 3,919
46,617
43,233
43,596
2,062
103,389
22,935
Nago WTP
7,608
59,349
10,2044,447
4,565
13,834
38,373
3,161
Industrial water
37.4
51.064.0
23.3
148.5
318.0
In:129.0, Out:124.0
In:33.0, Out:33.0
In:32.0, Out:32.0
In:55.0, Out:55.0
In:32.0, Out:32.0
Northern rivers (2 rivers)
6,038 92.045.2
166.9
51.0
34.0
28.0
221.0
92.0
P
WTP`
Pump
Raw water
Primary treaterd waterDistributed water
River
Well
Dam
FigHardness (mg/L)
Figure (10^3㎥/year)Water
Softening process
84.4
Figure (10^3㎥/year)
12
Water Systems in Okinawa Island: Multiple sources
Water Supply System in Japan
13
Integrated management of water systems
1. Increasing water use efficiency by water saving and demand reduction
2. Leakage control 3. Source water protection4. Advanced water treatment 5. Water quality management in pipes
and at points of use6. Anti-seismic structure and
countermeasures
Japanese water technologies supporting sustainable cities of the future
14
High efficiency pumps
System Integration Water reuse
NRW control
Advanced water treatment
Desalination
Hands-on training
Equipments
Sludge treatment and energy recovery
We welcome you to come and see the advanced water technologies in Japan.
Contact: Prof. Satoshi Takizawa, [email protected]