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Introduction to
Intellectual PropertyRights
Post Graduate Diploma in IPR(PGDIPR)
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CONCEPTOFPROPERTY
Natural object becomesaresourcewhen itsatisfiesa human want
A resource possessedandownedbecomesa property
A bundleoflegalrightslinkedto
ownershipandpossessionofanitem
(Tangible: relatedtophysicalobjects)
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INTELLECTUALPROPERTY
Itisthe PROPERTYCREATED BYAPPLICATIONOFHUMANMIND
Intangible (non-physical)innature-derivesvaluefrom ideas
Thereisnouniform definitionof IP
Inknowledgeage, IPisakeytotechno-economicgrowth
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IP UBIQUITOUS INLIFE
Articlesoffood, furniture, clothing,textiles, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals,
entertainmentgadgets, machinery,books, etc.areall IPprotected.
Domainof IPis ever expanding with
adventofTechnologyandGlobalization : GI, IC topographyarenew additions, TK/Biodiversityarelikelyadditions
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RATIONALEBEHIND IP
Thecreativeactivityculminatingin IPisnecessaryforsocio-economicprogress
Materialincentivesandrewards encouragegreatercreativeactivity
IPrights grantmonopolyto ensurerewards
Theinterestsofownerandsocietyarebalanced bylimitingperiodsofmonopoly withobligationtodiscloseandremediesagainstabuseofrights
Disclosure bringsknowledgeinpublicdomain
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NATUREOF IPRs
Essentiallynegativerightsto stopothersfrom copyingorcounterfeiting
Inpatents, beingfirstwithaninventionpre-emptsanyrightofanother makingsameinventionindependently.
Incopyrights, therightisdilutedasright
isovertheform ofexpressionandnotoveridea.
IPRs being statutoryrightsarelegallyenforceable.
Theyareterritorialinnature.
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7MAIN IP INSTRUMENTS
Patents
Trademarks, TradeNames & Services Marks
Geographical Indications
IndustrialDesigns
Layout-designsofIntegrated Circuits
Trade Secrets
CopyrightsAnd Related Rights
Firstsix are Industrial Property Rights
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Patents
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PATENT: WHAT IS IT?
Itisalimited right granted bythestatetoaninventorinrespectofan
inventiontoexclude anyotherpersonfrom practicingtheinvention
i.e. manufacturing, usingorsellingthe
patentedproductorfrom usingthepatentedprocess, withoutduepermission.
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WHATCANBEPATENTED?
Inventions in all fields of technology,whether products or processes, if they
meet thecriteria of Being patentablesubjectmatter;
Novelty;
Non-obviousness (inventivestep);
Industrial application (utility).
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Conditions of Patentability
Novelty: Invention not known to publicprior toclaim by inventor
Inventive Ste p: Invention would not be obvious to a person with ordinary skill inthe art
Industrial Application: Invention can be made o r used in any useful, practicalactivity as distinct from purely intellectual
or aesthetic one
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SOMEEXCLUSIONSFROMPATENTABILITY
Naturallyoccurringsubstances/elements;
Diagnostic, therapeuticandsurgical methodsof
treatmentofhumansoranimals; Plantsandanimalsotherthan-organisms;
Essentially biologicalprocessesforproductionof
plantsoranimals; Inventions whoseuseiscontrarytopublicorder
or morality.
Ideas, methodsfor business, playinggames,
performing mentalacts.
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PATENT: SPECIALREQUIREMENT
Disclosureof invention
Sufficiently clear and complete sothat a person skilled in the art cancarry out theinvention.
A country may require the bestmode for carrying out the inventionto bedisclosed.
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4711(Cologne)
TRADEMARKS
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TRADEMARK, SERVICEMARK,and TRADENAME
Distinctivesymbols,signs,logosthathelpconsumerto distinguish between
competinggoodsorservices.Atrade nameisthe nameofan enterprise
whichindividualizesthe enterpriseinconsumers mind.
Legally not linkedto quality.
Infact, linked inconsumers mindto qualityexpectation.
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Forms of TM
Visual: Words, letters, numerals,devicesincludingdrawingsand
symbols or 2-D representations ofobjectoracombination oftwo ormoreofthese, colourcombinations orcolourper se, 3-D signas shape ofgoods or
packaging.
Audio: Sounds, Musical Notes
Olfactory: Smells
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CRITERIAOFTMPROTECTABILITY
Distinctive (basicfunction):
- inherent(e.g.RIN), or
- acquired byusage (e.g. TATA)
Non-deceptive ( toavoid misleading)
Notcontrarytopublicorder, morality
Special Requirements
A markisregisteredforspecifiedclassesofgoodsorservices.
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What is protected and
whats not? Right to use TM inrelationtogoods/
servicesasregisteredareprotected (If
TM consistsofseveralparts, protectionisfor TM asa whole)
StateEmblems, Official Hallmarks,
EmblemsofIntergovernmentalOrganizationscannot beusedas TM.
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Paithani weaving
GEOGRAPHICALINDICATIONS
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What isGI?
Manygoodspossess theirpeculiarpropertiesdue to theirgeographicalorigin.
GI is the best method to indicate thegeographicaloriginofgoods and services.
Many agriculturalproducts (tea, rice);dairyproducts (cheese), wines and spirits(Champagne)owe their special quality andreputation to theirgeographicalplaceofgrowthorprocessing.
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Protection ofGI
GI is not owned byasingle owner
Anyproducer in the region canuse theGI
on theproductprovided it isprepared by thenormsset out for theuse of thatGI.
GI is registered in the national registerandissimilar to the certification mark identifying
the origin of thegood. Govt. can registerGI in the international
register maintained by WIPO for world wideprotection.
It isan offence touse falseGI ongoods.
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IndustrialDesigns
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What are Industrial Designs?
Theornamentalor aesthetic aspectofan article that enhancesvisual appeal
and differentiatesproduct.e.g. 3-Dfeaturesofshapeor surface asofaperfume bottle, 2-Dpatternsof
lines, shapes andcolours ason a bedsheet.
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Criteria for Protection as ID
New and Original
Capable of massproduction orapplication on an article ofutility
Not contrary topublic order or
moralityThe shape should not bedetermined
merely by the functionality of the
good.
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Comparison of ID against TM
ID
Has to be integralpart of product
Should beoriginal and newbut need not be
distinctive
TM
Is applied on theproduct but neednot be embodiedin it.
Should bedistinctive
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ID,Copyright, Patent
If the article is not mass produced orthedesigncan not be applied on a
useful article, thedesign would bean aesthetic work, protectableundercopyright.
Some engineeringdesigns may besufficiently innovative, protectable asa patent.
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ID Protection
Protects commercial exploitation of thedesign idea throughproducts/articles
that embody it or reproduce itandnot thearticles themselves.
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Integrated CircuitLayoutDesigns
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What isLayout Design?
Layout of transistors and othercircuitelements, includinglead wires
connecting such elements andexpressed in any manner in asemiconductor integratedcircuit (IC).
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Why to protect?
IC Layoutsare creations ofhumanmind;
Thereislot ofinvestment of timeandmoneyin the creation but copyingisvery cheap;
Fertilearea withnew circuitdesignsmade everyday to caterforminiaturizationandnovelapplications.
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Why special protection?
There may not be novelty so cannot bepatented;
Copyright protectiondoes not returnthe investments since commercial lifeofadesign is limited.
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Protection is against
Act of reproducing alayoutdesignfullyor inparts;
Importing, selling ordistributingcommercially aprotectedlayoutdesignorIC incorporating it.
But identicaldesign createdindependently by thirdparty isnotprohibited.
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TradeSecret
The bestkeptsecrettilldate
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Trade Secrets
Someinventions, data, informationcannot beprotected by anyof the
available meansofIPRs. Suchinformationisheld confidential as atrade secret.
Trade secret can be aninvention, idea,survey method,manufacturingprocess,experiment results, chemicalformula,recipe, financial strategy, clientdatabase etc.
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When Trade Secrets are
preferred?
Wheninventionis not patentable;
Patent protectionislimited to 20 years,when secret can bekept beyond thatperiod;
When costof patent protection are
prohibitive; Whenitis difficult to reverse engineer
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How to guard Trade Secret?
Restrictingnumber ofpeoplehaving accesstosecretinformation
Signing confidentiality agreements withbusinesspartners and employees
Usingprotective techniqueslike digital datasecurity tools and restricting entryinto areawhere tradesecretis worked orheld
Nationallegislationsprovideprotectioninform ofinjunction and damagesifsecret
informationisillegally acquired or used.
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Copyright
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Copyright
Copyright protectsliteraryandartisticworks
e.g. Books, lectures, dramaticand musicalworks, choreography, cinematography,drawings, paintings, architecture, sculpture,
photographs, illustrations, maps, planssketches etc.
This isautomatic rightcreated with thecreation ofworkandno registration is
required
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Rights covered underCR
Moral Rights : Authors right ofpaternity. Non-alienable.
Economic Rights : Rights to exploit thework.e.g. Rights of translation, rights of
performance, rights of reproduction etc.These rights can be transferred,assigned, licensedfor economicbenefits.
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Who are theAuthors?
Writer/writers of the book;
Painter;
Musiccomposer;
Translator;
Cinematographer; Photographer etc.
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Duration of Protection
For books and other works of arts it is 50to 70 years after thedeath of the author
(thelaws ofdifferent countriesvary);
Forphotographic work 25 years frommaking the work;
For cinematic works 50 years aftermaking the work available topublic.
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Exceptions to Protection
(Free Use orFair Deal) Quotationsfor commentary;
IllustrationforTeaching;
Current NewsReporting etc.
Free Use isdecided by amount ofworkused and its economic implications tothe rightholder.The mention oforiginal author/source is must.
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RelatedRights
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Related Rights
(Neighbouring Rights)Rights related to dissemination ofcopyrighted work
Theyprotect:
Performers ofWork
Producers ofPhonograms
Broadcasting Organizations
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International Agreements
ParisconventionfortheprotectionofIndustrialProperty (1883)
BerneconventionforprotectionofLiteraryand Artistic Works (1886)
AgreementonTradeRelated Aspects
ofIntellectualPropertyRights (TRIPS)(1994)
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Emerging Issues in IPR
Traditional KnowledgeandExpressionofCulture (Folklore)
Biodiversityand Genetic Resources
Electronic Commerce;
InternetDomain Names;
Protectionofdatabases, software
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Thank you!