Download - Introduction To Lichens - Lasw
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INTRODUCTION TO LICHENS
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What is a lichen?
Lichens are fungi that associate with algae. Most are ascomycetes, a few are basidiomycetes.
ascomycetes basidiomycetes
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Are lichens a ‘natural’ group?
they have evolved many separate times
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Are lichens a ‘natural’
group?
they have evolved in
basidiomycetes as well
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all lichens contain algae
or cyanobacteria
upper cortex
algal layer
medulla
lower cortex
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photobionts
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photobionts - Trentepohlia
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photobionts - cyanolichenssometimes look grey, or the dull blue-grey cyanobacteria seen when thallus is broken
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photobionts - cyanolichens
some cyanolichens swell when moist (but most do not)
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photobionts - cephalodia
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lichen growth forms
crustose
foliose
fruticose
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crustose lichens - cracked
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crustose lichens - smooth
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crustose lichens - leprose
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crustose lichens - endolithic
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squamulose lichens
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squamulose lichens
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foliose lichens
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fruticose lichens
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fruticose lichens
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fruticose lichens – can be flattened
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fruticose lichens – can be flattened
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crustose with lobes: placodioid
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filamentousshape is determined by photobiont
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foliose lichens - rhizines
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foliose lichens - cilia
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pseudocyphellae
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vegetative reproductionthe lichen needs to disperse the fungus and the alga
together
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vegetative reproduction
soredia isidia
(in a soralium)
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vegetative reproductionsoralia
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vegetative reproduction - soralia
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vegetative reproduction - soralia
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vegetative reproduction – soralia
position is useful in species identification
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vegetative reproduction – isidia
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vegetative reproduction – phyllidia
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vegetative reproduction – pseudoisidia
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vegetative reproduction
isidioid soredia/isidiomorphs
– soredia which stay in place and become corticate
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vegetative reproduction
blastidia schizidia
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vegetative reproduction - blastidia
often very similar to soredia
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sexual reproduction
apothecium perithecium
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sexual reproduction - apothecia
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sexual reproduction - apothecia
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sexual reproduction – apotheciano thalline margin thalline margin
(lecideine) (lecanorine)
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sexual reproduction – apothecia
no thalline margin
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sexual reproduction – apothecia
convex; margin absent or almost
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sexual reproduction – apotheciaelongated apothecium (lirella)
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sexual reproduction – apothecia
Stalked, with a dry spore-mass
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sexual reproduction – perithecia
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sexual reproduction – perithecia
perithecia sunk in pits in limestone
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asexual spores
called conidia
usually in pycnidia
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asexual spores
apothecia together with pycnidia
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asexual spores
apothecia together with pycnidia, immersed in surface of limestone
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basidiolichens
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basidiolichens
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When is it not a lichen?
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When is it not a lichen,but it is a ‘lichen’?