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INTRODUCTION TO OCEANOGRAPHY
Instructor: Prof. ANAMARIJA FRANKIĆ
Office Number: S-1-061Office Hours: Posted on office door or by appointment
Telephone: 617-287-4415Email Address: [email protected]
Web Page: http://alpha.es.umb.edu/faculty/af/frankic.hmlDepartment Website: http://www.es.umb.edu/
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Oceanography is an observationally driven field!
What do we measure and why?
Geology: coastlines, bathymetry, movement of tectonic plates
Chemistry: salinity, Carbon, Nitrogen, Iron, Oxygen…
Physics: Temp, pressure, currents, tides
Biology: Chl-a, Productivity, Zooplankton, Phytoplankton, Fish and Egg counts, etc…
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(Some) OCEANS’ related FACTS:
Our planet is actually the Ocean Planet - 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans and seas. However, less than 10% has been investigated.
Oceans provide more than 70% of oxygen we breathe
80% of world’s plant and animal species live in oceans
More than 60% of the current human population (5.8 billion) lives in the coastal zones (~60 km wide), the areas representing only 8% of the Earth surface!
‘Poorest of the poor’ - 1.1 billion people ‘survive’ on less than 1$/day 1 billion people rely on fish as the only daily source of protein
Global climate change and the humans’ well being depend on the conditions and health of the oceans;
Poverty, hunger, diseases as well as casualties from natural disasters can be alleviated by improving the health of the environment and by sustainable use and management of the coasts and oceans!
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How was the ocean observed so far?
http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0393317552/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-3317661-1512644#reader-page
Lots of historical account of earlyexplorations – (see book).
HMS Challenger
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International Observational Programs
Deep Sea Drilling Project - DSDP
1985, Joides Resolution Replace G. Challenger
1968, Glomar Challenger
Theory of Plate Tectonics and much more…
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International Observational Programs
The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) (launched in 1987 at a planning meeting in Paris)
The Operational Goal of JGOFS :
Spatial Scale: regional to global Temporal Scale: seasonal to interannual
1) Fluxes of carbon between the atmosphere-surface ocean-ocean interior.2) Sensitivity to climate changes
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International Observational Programs
The World Ocean Circulation Experiment1990-1998
http://woce.nodc.noaa.gov/wdiu/
International Programme on Climate Variability and Predictability, 1995-present
http://www.clivar.org/index.htm
http://www.wmo.ch/web/wcrp/wcrp-home.html
World Climate Research Programme
http://www.clivar.org/publications/other_pubs/clivar_transp/index.htm
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US Programs:
http://www.nsf.gov/
http://www.noaa.gov/
http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/habitats/default.htm
http://science.hq.nasa.gov/oceans/
e.g. GLOBEC http://www.pml.ac.uk/globec/
http://www.whoi.edu/sbl/liteSite.do?litesiteid=7732&articleId=11610
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http://www.csc.noaa.gov/coos/
U.S. Coastal Observing Systems
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Remote Sensing/Satellite Imagery: Geostationary Server -http://www.goes.noaa.gov/ Satellite significant events: http://www.osei.noaa.gov/ National Geophysical Data Center: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ngdc.html
Technologies for ocean observing
Floating devices in the ocean: Argo FLoats - http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/ Drifter Programs: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/graphics/pacifictraj.gif
Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) : Amazing discoveries…http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/subs/rov/rov.html Automated Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) :
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How do we define the science of Oceanography?
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WHAT PEOPLE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT OCEAN SCIENCES
• Ways of knowing – “Reflection on how we know what we believe will help our understanding”
• Human interactions – “Currently, the human species is significantly affecting earth systems, but has the ability to choose its relationship with the environment”
• Ecosystems – “The survival and health of individuals and groups of organisms are intimately coupled to their environment”
• Earth system science – “The Earth as a whole acts as a complex set of interacting systems with emergent properties”
• Evolution & Biodiversity – “Evolution explains both the unity and diversity of life”
• Energy flow and transformation – “Energy transformation drive physical, chemical, and biological processes. Total energy is conserved and flows to more diffuse forms”
• Conservation of mass – “Mass is conserved as it is transferred from one pool to another”
• Spatio-temporal relationships – “Choosing the appropriate reference frame is the key to understanding one’s environment”