© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 1 Ontological Engineering
Introduction to Ontological Engineering
Asunción Gómez-Pérez ([email protected])
Credits to: Mari Carmen Suárez -Figueroa ([email protected])
Boris Villazón-Terrazas ([email protected]) Elena Montiel ([email protected]) Guadalupe Aguado ([email protected])
Mauricio Espinoza ([email protected])
Work distributed under the license Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 2 Ontological Engineering
Index Introduction
NeOn Methodology
Scenarios in Ontology Building
Guidelines for Ontology Specification
Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources
Ontology development project Planning
Non-Ontological Resource Reuse and Re-engineering
Ontology Reuse
Creating the Ontology Model
Localizing the Ontology
Conclusions
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 3 Ontological Engineering
Motivation
Ontological
Resource Re
-engineering
Non-Ontological Resource Re-engineering
Ontological Resource Reuse
Non-Ontological
Resource Reuse
Merging Ontological Resources
Reusing Ontology Design Patterns
Restructuring Ontological Resources
Localizing Ontological Resources
…..
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 4 Ontological Engineering
Motivation
In our team, we want to build an OWL ontology in the pharmaceutical domain, but we want to use several pharmaceutical standards in XML and classification schemes in our own format.
Non Ontological Resource Reengineering
Non Ontological Resource Reuse
Classical
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 5 Ontological Engineering
Motivation
In our team, we want to build an ontology about the human resources management domain. The ontology should include information about occupations and activity sectors, data must be kept in the original DBs, and we want to have the ontology in several natural languages.
Classical
Re-engineering Non-ontological resources
Ontological Resource Reuse
Localizing Ontological Resources
Ontology
Mappings
Ontology-DB mapping
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 6 Ontological Engineering
Building ontologies in the 90s
Methodologies for building single ontologies • Uschold and King’s method • Grüninger and Fox’s methodology • KACTUS approach • METHONTOLOGY • SENSUS method • On-To-Knowledge • DILIGENT Ontology learning approaches for building ontologies from
structured, semi-structured and non-structured data • Are not integrated with current methodologies • Mainly from non-structured data using NLP techniques
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 7 Ontological Engineering
Current situation
• Reuse of knowledge-aware resources • Ontologies are built collaboratively • Ontologies are connected in ontology
networks • Multilingual features
Ontology Development Process
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 8 Ontological Engineering 8
Knowledge Resources
Non Ontological Resource Reuse
Non Ontological Resource Reengineering
2
2
2
Non Ontological Resources
Thesauri
Dictionaries Glossaries Lexicons
Taxonomies Classification Schemas
O. Localization 9
Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation; Configuration Management; Evaluation (V&V); Assessment
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9
Ontological Resource Reengineering
4
4
4
O. Aligning
O. Merging
Alignments 5
5
5
6
6
6
6
3
Ontological Resource Reuse
3 Ontological Resources
O. Repositories and Registries Flogic
RDF(S) OWL
Ontology Design Pattern Reuse
7
O. Design Patterns
Ontology Restructuring (Pruning, Extension,
Specialization, Modularization)
8 O. Specification O. Conceptualization O. Implementation O. Formalization
1 RDF(S)
OWL
Flogic Scheduling
NeOn Scenarios
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 9 Ontological Engineering
NeOn Methodology
Process and activities covered:
Ontology Specification
Scheduling
Non-Ontological Resource Reuse
Non-Ontological Resource Re-engineering
Reuse General Ontologies
Reuse Domain Ontologies Reuse Ontology Statements
Reuse Ontology Design Patterns
All processes and activities are described with:
A filling card
A workflow
Examples
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 10 Ontological Engineering
o ES
EURES ES (Int)
g ES
Lombard ES (It)
q ES
r ES
p ES
a ES
c ES
i ES
n ES
e ES
h ES
l ES
f ES d
ES
m ES
Wallonia ES (Be)
b ES
Private ES (Int)
Catalonia ES (Es)
ES
LEGENDA
Employment Service
Job Seeker’s Candidacy
Employer Job Vacancy
Looking for an European Employment
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 11 Ontological Engineering
g ES
Lombard ES (It)
q ES
r ES
p ES
a ES
c ES
i ES
n ES
e ES
h ES
l ES
o ES
f ES d
ES
m ES
b ES
Requester ES
Responding ES
ES not involved
Job Seeker’s Candidacy
Employer Job Vacancy
LEGENDA
Helping Job Seekers on their way Local
Matching algorithm
EURES ES (Int)
Local Matching algorithm Private
ES (Int) Local
Matching algorithm
Wallonia ES (Be)
Local Matching algorithm
Catalonia ES (Es)
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 12 Ontological Engineering
Key issues
• Reuse of proprietary knowledge-aware resources
• Heterogeneity – Terms are in different languages – Different conceptualization (different ways of
organizing job categories) – Different DB schemas
• Data must be kept in the original sources and in their own language.
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 13 Ontological Engineering
Key aspects of Ontological Engineering • Ontologies
– Single versus network of ontologies? – Are ontologies built from scratch or reusing knowledge-aware
resources? – Are mappings used for solving conceptual mistmaches?
• Instances – Where are the data/instances?
• Instances are in the ontology • Instances are in RDF files independently of the ontology • Data are kept in the original sources
– Are instances distributed or centralized? – Have instances a very high rate of changes? – Heterogeneous provenance of instances – Degrees of data quality – Permissions
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 14 Ontological Engineering
Ms Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Centralized network of ontologies where data are
distributed
1. Build a reference ontology
Federated network of ontologies where data are distributed
1. Build a reference ontology for the domain 2. Build local ontologies 3. Build mappings between the core and local ontologies 4. Build mappings between the local ontologies and the data
sources
Ms Ms
Ms
Ms Ms
2. Build mappings between the reference ontology and the data sources
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 15 Ontological Engineering 15
Knowledge Resources
Non Ontological Resource Reuse
Non Ontological Resource Reengineering
2
2
2
Non Ontological Resources
Thesauri
Dictionaries Glossaries Lexicons
Taxonomies Classification Schemas
O. Localization 9
Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation; Configuration Management; Evaluation (V&V); Assessment
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9
Ontological Resource Reengineering
4
4
4
O. Aligning
O. Merging
Alignments 5
5
5
6
6
6
6
3
Ontological Resource Reuse
3 Ontological Resources
O. Repositories and Registries Flogic
RDF(S) OWL
Ontology Design Pattern Reuse
7
O. Design Patterns
Ontology Restructuring (Pruning, Extension,
Specialization, Modularization)
8 O. Specification O. Conceptualization O. Implementation O. Formalization
1 RDF(S)
OWL
Flogic Scheduling
NeOn Methodology
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 16 Ontological Engineering
Ontology Requirement Specification Document
Ontology Requirements Specification Document Template 1 P u r p o s e
“Software developers and ontology pract i t ioners should include in th is s lot the purpose of the ontology” 2 S c o p e
“Sof tware deve lopers and onto logy pract i t ioners shou ld inc lude in th is s lo t the scope o f the onto logy” 3 L e v e l o f F o r m a l i t y
“Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the level of formality of the ontology” 4 I n t e n d e d U s e r s
“Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the intended users of the ontology” 5 I n t e n d e d U s e s
“Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the intended uses of the ontology” 6 G r o u p s o f C o m p e t e n c y Q u e s t i o n s
“Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the groups of competency questions and their answers, i n c l u d i n g p r i o r i t i e s f o r e a c h g r o u p ”
7 P r e - G l o s s a r y o f T e r m s T e r m s “Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the list of terms included in the CQs and their frequencies” O b j e c t s “Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot a list of objects and their frequencies”
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 17 Ontological Engineering
Ontology Specification 1
Purpose The purpose of building the Reference Ontology is to provide a consensual knowledge model of the employment domain that could be used by public e-Employment services (PES).
2Scope The ontology has to focus just on the ICT (Information and Communication Technology) domain. The level of granularity is directly related to the competency questions and terms identified.
3Level of Formality The ontology has to be implemented in WSML language
4Intended Users 1. Candidate who is unemployed and searching for a job or searching another occupation for immediate or future purposes 2. Employer who needs more human resources. 3. Public or private employment search service which offers services to gather CVs or job postings and to prepare some data and statistics. 4. National and Local Governments which want to analyze the situation on the employment market in their countries and prepare documents on employment, social and educational policy. 5. European Commission and the governments of EU countries which want to analyze the statistics and prepare international agreements and documents on the employment, social and educational policy.
5Intended Uses 1. Publish CV. Job seeker places his/her CV on the PES Portal. 2. Publish Job Offer. An Employer places a Job Offer on the PES Portal. 3. Search for Job Offers. The Employer looks for candidates for the Job Offer through PES Portal. 4. Search for Employment information. Job Seeker looks for of general information about employment in a given location at the PES Portal. 5. Provide Job Statistics. The PES Portal provides employment statistics to the Job Seeker and Employer.
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 18 Ontological Engineering
Ontology Specification: Identify requirements using competency questions
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 19 Ontological Engineering
Ontology Specification: Group requirements.
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 20 Ontological Engineering
Ontology Specification. The Ontology Requirement Specification
Document
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 21 Ontological Engineering 21
Knowledge Resources
Non Ontological Resource Reuse
Non Ontological Resource Reengineering
2
2
2
Non Ontological Resources
Thesauri
Dictionaries Glossaries Lexicons
Taxonomies Classification Schemas
O. Localization 9
Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation; Configuration Management; Evaluation (V&V); Assessment
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9
Ontological Resource Reengineering
4
4
4
O. Aligning
O. Merging
Alignments 5
5
5
6
6
6
6
3
Ontological Resource Reuse
3 Ontological Resources
O. Repositories and Registries Flogic
RDF(S) OWL
Ontology Design Pattern Reuse
7
O. Design Patterns
Ontology Restructuring (Pruning, Extension,
Specialization, Modularization)
8 O. Specification O. Conceptualization O. Implementation O. Formalization
1 RDF(S)
OWL
Flogic Scheduling
NeOn Methodology
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 22 Ontological Engineering
Searching Resources
• Use the terminology from the ORSD
• Find resources covering the terminology Knowledge Resources
Ontological Resources
O. Design Patterns
2
Non Ontological Resources
Thesauri
Dictionaries Glossaries Lexicons
Taxonomies Classification Schemas
O. Repositories and Registries Flogic
RDF(S) OWL
• Where: - Internet - Standardization bodies (ISO,…) - Intranet of the organization - Ontology Registries
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 23 Ontological Engineering
Catalog/ID Thesaurus Glossary Informal is-a Informal is-a
Catalog/ID
Implicit knowledge coded in numbers
XX-YY-ZZ 02-01-02 02: transportation 01: road 02: 3-lines highway
Thesaurus
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 24 Ontological Engineering © A Method for Reusing and Re-engineering Non-Ontological Resources for Building Ontologies
ISO 4217 (currencies) ISO 3166 (countries)
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 25 Ontological Engineering 25
Knowledge Resources
Non Ontological Resource Reuse
Non Ontological Resource Reengineering
2
2
2
Non Ontological Resources
Thesauri
Dictionaries Glossaries Lexicons
Taxonomies Classification Schemas
O. Localization 9
Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation; Configuration Management; Evaluation (V&V); Assessment
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9
Ontological Resource Reengineering
4
4
4
O. Aligning
O. Merging
Alignments 5
5
5
6
6
6
6
3
Ontological Resource Reuse
3 Ontological Resources
O. Repositories and Registries Flogic
RDF(S) OWL
Ontology Design Pattern Reuse
7
O. Design Patterns
Ontology Restructuring (Pruning, Extension,
Specialization, Modularization)
8 O. Specification O. Conceptualization O. Implementation O. Formalization
1 RDF(S)
OWL
Flogic Scheduling
NeOn Methodology
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 26 Ontological Engineering
Selection of Ontologies
• Search ontologies • Compare ontologies in the same domain
using a set of criteria • Assess if the ontologies cover the set of
competency questions • Select the best ontology based on
– Coverage of the domain – Expressivity of the Implementation language
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 27 Ontological Engineering
Searching Ontologies in Watson Ontology Requirement Specification Document
The NeOn methodology includes guideliness for reusing statements
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 28 Ontological Engineering 28
Knowledge Resources
Non Ontological Resource Reuse
Non Ontological Resource Reengineering
2
2
2
Non Ontological Resources
Thesauri
Dictionaries Glossaries Lexicons
Taxonomies Classification Schemas
O. Localization 9
Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation; Configuration Management; Evaluation (V&V); Assessment
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9
Ontological Resource Reengineering
4
4
4
O. Aligning
O. Merging
Alignments 5
5
5
6
6
6
6
3
Ontological Resource Reuse
3 Ontological Resources
O. Repositories and Registries Flogic
RDF(S) OWL
Ontology Design Pattern Reuse
7
O. Design Patterns
Ontology Restructuring (Pruning, Extension,
Specialization, Modularization)
8 O. Specification O. Conceptualization O. Implementation O. Formalization
1 RDF(S)
OWL
Flogic Scheduling
NeOn Methodology
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 29 Ontological Engineering
Gantt chart for your project. Waterfall model
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 30 Ontological Engineering Slide 30
Reuse and Re-engineering + Incremental
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 31 Ontological Engineering
Motivation
I want to transform my adjacency list-based classification into an ontology
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 32 Ontological Engineering
Types of non-ontological resources
Non-Ontological Resources are knowledge-aware resources whose semantics have not been formalized yet by means of an ontology
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 33 Ontological Engineering
Types of non-ontological resources
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 34 Ontological Engineering
Approaches to transform resources into ontologies
ABox
TBox
Population
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 35 Ontological Engineering
Approach for Re-engineering Non-Ontological Resources
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 36 Ontological Engineering
PR-NOR library at the ODP Portal Technological support
http://mccarthy.dia.fi.upm.es/nor2o/
NOR2O: a Library for Transforming Non-Ontological Resources to Ontologies
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 37 Ontological Engineering
Pattern based approach for re-engineering non ontological resources
ISCO-88 (COM) International Standard Classification
of Occupations (for European Union purposes)
FOET Classification of fields of education and training
NACE Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the
European Community
ISTAT Italian Geography
Standard
Pattern for re-engineering a classification scheme modelled
with a Path Enumeration Data Model
Pattern for re-engineering a classification scheme modelled
with an Adjacency List Data Model
ISO 3166 English country names
and code elements
Pattern for re-engineering a classification scheme modelled with a Snowflake Data Model
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 38 Ontological Engineering
ISO 3166-1 (XML) Regions Table (Eures Oracle DB)
….
<ISO_3166-1_Entry> <ISO_3166-1_Country_name>SPAIN</ISO_3166-1_Country_name> <ISO_3166-1_Alpha-2_Code_element>ES</ISO_3166-1_Alpha-2_Code_element> </ISO_3166-1_Entry> …
Location
Country Region
subClass-Of
has region
Spain Cataluña
Canarias
Galicia
Andalucía
Ontology model
Ontology instances
Excerpt of the Geography Ontology
Knowledge Resource Re-engineering and Aggregation
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 39 Ontological Engineering
O. Specification O. Conceptualization O. Implementation O. Formalization
1 RDF(S)
OWL
Flogic
NeOn Scenarios
Ontology Restructuring (Pruning, Extension,
Specialization, Modularization)
8
O. Localization
9
Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation; Configuration Management; Evaluation (V&V); Assessment
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9
O. Aligning
O. Merging
Alignments 5
5
5
Ontological Resource Reengineering
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
Knowledge Resources
Ontological Resources
O. Design Patterns
2
Non Ontological Resources
Thesauri
Dictionaries Glossaries Lexicons
Taxonomies Classification Schemas
Non Ontological Resource Reuse
Non Ontological Resource Reengineering
2
2
O. Repositories and Registries Flogic
RDF(S) OWL
Ontology Design Pattern Reuse
7
3
Ontological Resource Reuse
3
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 40 Ontological Engineering Slide 40
Ontological Resource Reuse Process
Reuse Common Ontologies
Reuse Domain Ontologies
Reuse ODPs by naive users
Reuse Ontology Statements
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 41 Ontological Engineering 41
Knowledge Resources
Non Ontological Resource Reuse
Non Ontological Resource Reengineering
2
2
2
Non Ontological Resources
Thesauri
Dictionaries Glossaries Lexicons
Taxonomies Classification Schemas
O. Localization 9
Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation; Configuration Management; Evaluation (V&V); Assessment
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9
Ontological Resource Reengineering
4
4
4
O. Aligning
O. Merging
Alignments 5
5
5
6
6
6
6
3
Ontological Resource Reuse
3 Ontological Resources
O. Repositories and Registries Flogic
RDF(S) OWL
Ontology Design Pattern Reuse
7
O. Design Patterns
Ontology Restructuring (Pruning, Extension,
Specialization, Modularization)
8 O. Specification O. Conceptualization O. Implementation O. Formalization
1 RDF(S)
OWL
Flogic Scheduling
NeOn Methodology
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 42 Ontological Engineering
Conceptualization: Modular approach for ontology construction
Representation Ontology: WSML
General/Common Ontologies: Time, Geography, Language
Domain O.: Economic Activity, Occupation, Education, Skill, Driving License, Compensation, Labour Regulatory, Competence
Application Domain O. : Job Seeker, Job Offer
-
+
Reusability
-
+ Usability
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 43 Ontological Engineering
Reference Ontology
Labour Regulatory Ontology
Skill Ontology
Language Ontology Occupation
Ontology
Geography Ontology
Time Ontology
Education Ontology
Driving License
Ontology
Compensation Ontology
Economic Activity
Ontology
Job Offer Ontology
Job Seeker Ontology
has work condition / is associated with
has contract type / is associated with is located in /
has activity sector /
is associated with
has nationality from / is nation of
resides in / is residence of
has salary /
has contract type / is associated to has work condition / is associated to
has location / is associated with
has
activ
ity s
ecto
r /
is a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
has
activ
ity s
ecto
r /
is a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
LE FOREM + BLL + EURES
EURES
ISO 6392
CEF ISCO-88 COM
ONET
EURES
ISO 3166
EURES
DAML Time Ontology
FOET
ISCED97
NACE Rev. 1.1
European Legislation
ISO 4217
Ad hoc wrapper
External Sources
is associated with
is associated to has date of birth / is date of birth of
has begin date /
is begin date of
Competence Ontology
subClass-Of
subClass-Of
requires competence /
is associated with
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 44 Ontological Engineering
Candidacy
Offered Work Experience
Objective
ICT Objective
Job Seeker
Vacancy
Organization
Requested Work Experience
ICT Vacancy
Job Vacancy
Competence
Education
Language
Contract Type
Compensation
Work Condition
Occupation
Sector
Location
Country
Computing Professionals
has candidacy/ belongs to
has objective / belongs to
subClass-Of
has job category
is associated with
subClass-Of
has nationality from / is nation of
resides in / is residence of
has mother language / is mother tongue of
speaks / is spoken by
has competence / is competence of
has education / is education of
has work experience / belongs to
has
wor
k co
nditi
on /
is
ass
ocia
ted
to
has
cont
ract
typ
e /
is a
ssoc
iate
d to
ha
s co
mpe
nsat
ion
/ is
ass
ocia
ted
to
is a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith /
ha
s lo
catio
n
has activity sector / is associated with
has activity sector / is associated with
has job category /
is associated with
has job category /
is associated with
has job vacancy/ belongs to
has location / is location of
has vacancy/ belongs to
subClass-Of
has job category / is associated with
is associated with / requires work experience
has activity sector / is associated with
has job category/ is associated with
requires education / is associated with
requires competence / is associated with
has work condition / is associated with
has contract type / is associated with has compensation /
is associated with
is located in / is associated with
has job category/ is associated with
has activity sector / is associated with
Details of the ontology
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 45 Ontological Engineering 45
Knowledge Resources
Non Ontological Resource Reuse
Non Ontological Resource Reengineering
2
2
2
Non Ontological Resources
Thesauri
Dictionaries Glossaries Lexicons
Taxonomies Classification Schemas
O. Localization 9
Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation; Configuration Management; Evaluation (V&V); Assessment
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9
Ontological Resource Reengineering
4
4
4
O. Aligning
O. Merging
Alignments 5
5
5
6
6
6
6
3
Ontological Resource Reuse
3 Ontological Resources
O. Repositories and Registries Flogic
RDF(S) OWL
Ontology Design Pattern Reuse
7
O. Design Patterns
Ontology Restructuring (Pruning, Extension,
Specialization, Modularization)
8 O. Specification O. Conceptualization O. Implementation O. Formalization
1 RDF(S)
OWL
Flogic Scheduling
NeOn Methodology
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 46 Ontological Engineering
Ontology Localization
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 47 Ontological Engineering
LabelTranslator NeOn plugin
Slide 47
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 48 Ontological Engineering
Conclusions
1. The NeOn methodology gives 1. detailed guidelines for building ontologies 2. facilitates the reuse and reengineering of non ontological
resources into ontologies
2. The reuse of non-ontological resources that have been reached some degree of consensus in a community allows the development of ontologies easier and quicker
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 49 Ontological Engineering
Handbook on the NeOn Methodology
Slide 49
http://www.neon-project.org/nw/NeOn_Book
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 50 Ontological Engineering Slide 50
Slide 50
22 Executive Chapter Summaries are available at the NeOn Web Site