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Introduction to
Pharmacology University of Hawai„i Hilo Pre-Nursing Program
NURS 203 – General Pharmacology
Danita Narciso Pharm D
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Learning Objectives
Understand the barriers that drug molecules must overcome to complete a
cycle from absorption to excretion in the body (tissue and membrane)
Understand the different ways drug molecules transport across membranes
Know the different characteristics of binding sites
Know the different characteristics of bonds
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Definitions
Pharmacology – The study of substances that interact with living systems
through chemical processes.
Medical pharmacology – The area of pharmacology concerned with the
use of chemicals in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease,
especially in humans.
Toxicology – The area of pharmacology concerned with the undesirable
effects of chemicals on biologic systems.
Pharmacokinetics – Describes the effects of the body on drugs.
Pharmacodynamics – Describes the effects of the drug on the body.
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Types of drugs
Endogenous
Produced in the body
Hormones
Neurotransmitters
Exogenous
Not produced in the body
Poisons
Drugs with almost only harmful effects
Toxins
Naturally occurring poisons
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Breaking Through the Barriers
Many biological barriers
Tissue
Cell membranes
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Tissue Barriers
Reaching the site of action (brain)
Intestinal epithelium
Capillaries
Liver
First pass effect (metabolism)
General circulation
Blood brain barrier
Brain capillaries
Brain tissue
Exiting the body
Brain capillaries
Blood brain barrier
General circulation
Liver
Metabolism (biotransformation)
General circulation
Kidney
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Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
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Cellular Transport – Cell Membrane
barriers
Transcellular
Passive diffusion
Transporters
Carrier mediated transport
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Transcytosis
Paracellular
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Passive Diffusion
Diffusion – The natural tendency for
molecules to move from an area of higher
concentration to lower concentration *no
energy required*
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Area of high
concentration
Area of low
concentration Equilibrium
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Passive Diffusion
Diffusion – The natural tendency for molecules to move from an area of higher
concentration to lower concentration
Hydrophilic
Water loving
Lipophobic
Hydrophobic
Water resistant
Lipophilic
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Passive Diffusion Diffusion – The natural tendency for molecules to move from an area of
higher concentration to lower concentration
Hydrophilic substances Lipophilic substances
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Hydrophilic channels Through the lipid bilayer
Water like
environment
Oil like
environment
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Passive Diffusion
Passive diffusion of Lipophilic substances
Factors that alter
Concentration gradient
Surface area of the membrane
Thickness of the membrane
Charge
Electric gradient
Permeability
Must be permeable to pass through a membrane
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Transporters
Transporters
Membrane proteins with one or more active sites that move molecules across
membranes
Can be selective or non-selective
Exist in the kidney, liver, intestines, and other tissues
Carrier mediated transport
Affinity
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Facilitated Diffusion Facilitated diffusion – a carrier medicate process that
occurs only when a concentration gradient exists *no
energy required*
Facilitated diffusion
Factors
Concentration gradient
Transporter concentration
Affinity
Types
Uniporter
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Active Transport Active transport processes are able to transport
molecules against their concentration gradient.
*require energy* Active transport
Against the concentration gradient
Requires energy
Use of transporters
Uniport
Symport
Antiport
Drug efflux transporters
Efflux proteins
Multidrug efflux
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Transcytosis
Transcytosis (vesicular transport) – is a process by which
certain substances are transported across cell membranes
by the use of vesicles. Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Exocytosis
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Paracellular Transport Paracellular transport – the passing of substances
through an epithelial or endothelial membrane by the
use of cell junctions
Types of paracellular transport
Through epithelial membranes
Gap junctions
Smaller than 1 nm in diameter
Through capillaries
5-30 nm in diameter
Blood-Brain barrier
Tight junctions
Other enzymatic barriers
Filtration
Driven by hydrostatic pressure
Leaky capillaries
50 -100 nm in diameter
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More Than 1 Way to Skin a Cat
Substances or molecules are able to transport through biological membranes by more than 1 transport mechanism
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Break….
May be a good time to take a break
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Regulatory Proteins (Receptors)
Drugs must interact with the body in order to promote change
Proteins that receive and pass on chemical messages
Types of regulatory proteins
Receptor proteins
Ion channel proteins
Enzymes
Transporters
Drugs are not the only substances that can bin to receptors
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Receptor proteins
Receive and process chemical signals from outside the cell
Example of drugs that target receptor proteins
Zyrtec
Alpha Blockers
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Ion channel proteins
Ion channels control the passage of ions through a cell‟s membrane
Example of drugs that target ion channels
Calcium channel blockers
Digoxin
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Ion channel proteins
Ion channels control the passage of ions through a cell‟s membrane
Example of drugs that target ion channels
Calcium channel blockers
Digoxin
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Ion channel proteins
Ion channels control the passage of ions through a cell‟s membrane
Example of drugs that target ion channels
Calcium channel blockers
Digoxin
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Ion channel proteins
Ion channels control the passage of ions through a cell‟s membrane
Example of drugs that target ion channels
Calcium channel blockers
Digoxin
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Enzymes
An enzymes job is to catalyze
biochemical and metabolic
reactions
Examples of drugs that bind to
enzymes
Celecoxib
Aspirin
Examples of enzymes
ProteASE
SynthASE
TranscriptASE
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Transporters
Transporters help to transport substances across a cells membrane
Examples of drugs that target transporters
Prozac
Cocaine
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Bonds
Drugs form bonds at the site of action
Types of bonds
Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrophobic interactions
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Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonds – sharing of electrons
Covalent bonds in pharmacology
“Irreversible”
Aspirin and cyclooxygenase
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Ionic bonds
Ionic bonds - the transferring of electrons between two atoms
Ionic bonds in pharmacology (AKA electrostatic bond)
“Reversible”
Lidocaine
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Hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds – A weak electrostatic bond
Hydrogen bonds in pharmacology
Lactulose
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Hydrophobic bonds
Hydrophobic interactions – interactions driven by the tendency to avoid
water
Hydrophobic interactions in pharmacology
Weak
Flagyl
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Questions
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