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Introduction to the China-ADS project and accelerator design
Jingyu TangJingyu Tang
Institute of High Energy Physics, CASInstitute of High Energy Physics, CAS
Beijing, ChinaBeijing, China
FNAL Seminar, August 18, 2011FNAL Seminar, August 18, 2011
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Contents
Introduction to the C-ADS projectSome information about China nuclear power
Roadmap of C-ADS program
Organization of the C-ADS project phase I
Preliminary accelerator designPhysics design scheme
Key technology R&D for C-ADS accelerator
2
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Introduction to the C-ADS project
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Nuclear Power in China
Operating reactors : 10.23 GWe/13 sets
Constructing reactors : 25.90 GWe/23 sets
Prepare to construct : 44.27 GWe/39 sets
Propose to construct : 120.0 GWe/120 sets
2020
70GWe ( 5% total electricity )
2030
200GWe ( 10% total electricity )
2050
400GWe ( 22% total electricity )
May be more than total nuclear power in the world right now !
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Nuclear waste accumulated by 2050 in China
5
Year 2000 2010 2020 2050
Power (GW) 6 20 40 240
Spend fuel (t) 7200 >50000
Minor actinides (t) 4 >30
Long live fission products (t)
17 >120
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The strategy of sustainable fission energy in China consoled by top Chinese scientists:
Gen-IV reactors for nuclear fuel breeding
ADS for transmutation Nuclear waste is a bottleneck for nuclear power development. ADS has been recognized as a good option for nuclear waste
transmutation. As a long-term program, ADS and TMSR (Thorium-based Melten
Salt Reactor) R&Ds will be supported by CAS. Budgets for C-ADS and TMSR (both Phase 1) have been allocated
by the central government.
Advanced Nuclear Energy Programs in China
6
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Special Nuclear Energy Program in CAS TMSR
- Diversify nuclear fuel source
(Thorium is richer than uranium and more dispersed on the earth, less waste etc.)
ADS
- Transmutation of long-lived nuclear waste
~2032,
- Demo facilities for industrial applications
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Schematic of C-ADS
8
ProtonNeutron
Proton Linear Accelerator (IHEP, IMP)
Liquid-metal Target (IMP)
Reactor (PbBi coolant )(IPP, USTC)
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Roadmap of C-ADS program
RFQ + HWR
RFQ + Spoke
2013~5 MeV
201525~50 MeV
201X50/150 MeV
~20220.6~1 GeV
~20321.2~1.5 GeV
5~10 MWt 100 MWt ≥1 GWt
Development of injectors
IndividualIntegrations
Integral test Phase II target/reactor
Phase III target/reactor
10 MeV
Phase I
R&D Facility
Phase II
Experiment Facility
Phase III
DEMO. Facility
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R&D Team & Sites for C-ADS
Team• CAS: IHEP, IMP, IPP, USTC, …• 3 NP Com. + Univ.• Local government cooperation • International collaboration
Host of the future facility• A new CAS institute will be established to host the C-ADS
facility Site candidate: Erdos (Inner Mongolia)
R&D infrastructure Labs and infrastructure at the home institutes before the new
institute is ready 10
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Organization of C-ADS Phases 0&I Three major systems
Accelerator:
IHEP as leader, responsible for one injector and the main linac and
IMP as collaborator, responsible for another injector
Joint IHEP-IMP group on accelerator physics Target: IMP as leader Reactor: IPP (Institute of Plasma Physics, as leader) and
USTC (University of Science and Technology of China)
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Infrastructure (to be built in leading institutes) Superconducting RF test platform Radio-chemistry study platform Pb-Bi core simulation and mock-up platform Nuclear database Integrated test and general technical support platform
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Preliminary design of the C-ADS accelerator
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Main specifications of the C-ADS driver linac
Particle Proton
Energy 1.5 GeV
Current 10 mA
Beam power 15 MW
Frequency 162.5/325/650 MHz
Duty factor 100 %
Beam loss <1 (or 0.3) W/m
Beam trips/year
<25000<2500<25
1s<t<10s10s<t<5m
t>5m
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Design philosophy Accelerator choice: superconducting linac is
preferred. Straight trajectory: easy extraction and injection. Easy upgrading. Large aperture. Low AC power consumption. Independently powered structures.
To meet the very strict reliability requirement De-rating of critical components (over-design). Component redundancy and spares on line. Component failure tolerance.
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LEBT MEBT1RFQ
162.5MHzECR
SC-HWR 162.5MHz16 cavities
LEBT MEBT1RFQ
325.0MHzECR
Spoke012 325MHz
18 cavities
Spoke021 325MHz 32 cavities
Spoke040 325MHz80 cavities
Elliptical 063 650MHz32 cavities
Elliptical 082 650 MHz85 cavities
Injector II
Injector I
MEBT2
10MeV 40 MeV 180 MeV 360 MeV 1500 MeV
2.1 MeV
3.2 MeV
Layout of the C-ADS linac
Main linac
‘ Hot stand-by’
Local compensation
Two identical injectors on line, either with scheme injector-1 or with scheme injector-2
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Lattice design requirements for high-intensity proton linacs
Zero current phase advance of transverse and longitudinal oscillations should be kept below 90o per focusing period to avoid parametric resonance.
Transverse and longitudinal wavenumbers must change adiabatically.
Avoid energy exchange between the transverse and longitudinal planes via space-charge resonances.
Provide proper matching in the lattice transitions to avoid serious halo formation.
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The RFQ
RFQs are the only accelerating components in room- temperature It is very difficult to develop a CW proton RFQ due to
very large heat load density Four-rod structure Different choice on RF frequency: 162.5 or 325 MHz
Design constraints from the previous RFQ experience at IHEP: Section length: <1.2 Number of sections: <4
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Max Density:
(3.77 kW/cm2)
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MEBT1 layout
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Spoke012 cavities
g
Freq.
MHz
Uacc. Max
MV
Emax
MV/m
Bmax
mTR/Q
0.12 325 0.63 25 42 125
R = 216 mm
79 mm
30 mm
190 mm
100 mm
110 mm
50 mm
120 mm
0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Veff. V/Vmax
V/V
max
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Veff /M
V
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螺线管,长度300mm
BPM, 长度50mm
190424
超导腔,长度424
190424
190424
190424
190424
190424
190424
190424
190424
190424
40020013060400
190424
190424
190424
190424
190424
190424
190424
190424
190424
400 200 130 60 400
8206 mm
Lattice design of spoke012 section: Solution 1
190
424
Anti-symmetric lattice
18 cavities
16 solenoids
2 cryomodules with length of 8.2 m;
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Dynamics study results
RMS envelope <3 mm
Maximum envelope < 10 mm
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Emittance growth
Transverse emittance growth < 7%
Longitudinal growth: <10%
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Solution 2: one crymodule with increased acceleration gradient
Solenoid length=300 mm
BPM, length=100 mm
190424
Cavity 012,length=424 mm
190424
190424
190424
190424
190424
190424
190424
190424
190424
400
11.112 m
190424
190424
190424
190424
400
Total: 13 cavities, 12 solenoids
Maximum surface electric field is increased from 25 to 33 MV/m
Maximum surface magnetic field is still below mT
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Dynamics study results
RMS envelope: < 2 mm
Maximum beam size: < 6 mm
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Emittance growth
Transverse emittance growth: < 2%
Longitudinal emittance growth:< 4%
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Solution 3: based on spoke cavities on 3/2 mode
Motivation Poor performance of very
low beta cavityMechanical stabilityFrequency stability
Method with 3/2 mode Increasing the gap width
and stem thickness Gains
Rigidity, Frequency sensitivity, Voltage
Demerit Narrower range (one
more type cavity)
238 mm
160 mm
250 mm
80 mm
60 mm
144 mm
140 mm
120 mm
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Lattice based on 3/2 cavities
Solenoid length=250 mm
BPM, length=100 mm
250
484
250
484
250
484
250
484
250
484
300
534
300
534
300
534
300
534
300
534
300
534
300
534
Total number of cavities: 12
M_spoke026: 5
M_spoke036: 7 Maximum surface field: 32.5 MV/m CM length: 10.8 m;
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Dynamics study results
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MEBT2
No buncher in dispersive section
5 Quad+ 2 bend for achromatism and keep beam envelope smooth
3 bunchers for longitudinal matching (2 are standard Spoke021 cells)
Translational distance 45cm for magnet installation
One branch (of two):
10 Quad +5 Buncher + 2 solenoid+2 Bend
Total length is 12 m.
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List of superconducting cavities in main linac
Cavity type
g
Freq.
MHz
Uacc. Max
MV
Emax
MV/m
Bmax
mT
single spoke
0.21 325 1.32 25/32.5 44.8/58.2
Single spoke
0.40 325 2.79 25/32.5 64.8/84.2
5-cell elliptical
0.63 650 7.68 35/45.5 48.3/62.8
5-cell elliptical
0.82 650 15.47 35/45.5 70.4/91.5
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Acceleration efficiency
1 、 Efficiency for each cavity is greater than 0.5;
2 、 Acceleration gradient changes smoothly at the transition between different sections;
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Lattice design: Spoke021 and Spoke040
•Period length: 2.168 m•Total periods: 14•Total cavities: 28•Energy range: 10~34 MeV
•Period length: 3.8 m •Total periods: 18•Total cavities: 72•Energy range: 34~178 MeV
SolenoidCavity 021
250
484
Cavity 021
250
484
BPM
400 400100
300
Cavity 040
380
600
Cavity 040
380
600
Cavity 040
380
600
Cavity 040
380
600
BPM
400 100100
300
100 400
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Lattice design: Ellip063
727 727 727 727
500 500 500900 900
500
300
500
•Period length: 7.508 m•Total periods: 7•Total cavities: 28•Energy range: 178~367 MeV
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Lattice design: Ellip082
946 946 946 946
504851.5
852
500
300
946
504 504 504 300
500
852
•Period length: 9.75 m•Total periods: 17•Total cavities: 85•Energy range: 367~1500 MeV
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Dynamics study results
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Zero-current phase advance
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Emittance evolution
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Energy gain
No:14*2=2810-33.8MeV
No:18*4=7233.8-178MeV
No: 7*4=28178-367MeV
No:17*5=85367-1541MeVSpoke cavities: 100
Elliptical cavities: 113
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Local compensation of failures
Preliminary studies on local compensation of cavity and solenoid failures have been carried out for Spoke021 section and Spoke040 section.
One cavity failure in a cell can be well compensated by adjusting neighboring cavities. (rms emittance growth less than 10%)
One solenoid failure is difficult to be compensated, especially at the beginning of the Spoke021 section
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Failure compensation at Spoke021 section
Energy compensation
pointMatching solenoids
Matching cavities
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Key technology R&D for C-ADS linac
43
Strategy Parallel developments of different scheme or technical solutions
for the injector (IHEP and IMP) Development by steps (Phase 0, I, II, III)
Some key technology R&D Ion Source: stable operation CW RFQ: cooling problem SC Spoke cavities: development, unproven performance SC CH cavities: very challenging (candidate for IMP injector) High power couplers: especially for CW RFQ Cryomodule: long cryomodule with many cavities and solenoids RF power source (CW Klystron, CW SSA, LLRF) Control & Instrumentation …
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R&D studies (Phase 0)
The budget has been approved (1.8 BCHY or 280 M$ in total)Accelerator: 640 MCHY (425 M for IHEP and 215 M for IMP)
2011-2013Physics design and technical designsDeveloping CW RFQ, SC cavity prototypes (spoke, HWR and CH) for the injectorsCW test of first 5 MeV of two injectorsInfrastructure or laboratory building-up
2014-2016Two different injectors testing with CW, 10-MeV and 10-mAConstruction of main linac section (10-50 MeV)CW test of the 50-MeV linac
44
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x 7.200mm 181.973mrad
x*******Deg 2.400KeV
x 7.200mm 181.973mrad
x*******Deg 2.400KeV NP1= 1 NP2= 5 100.00 mm(Horizontal) 480000.0 Deg.(Longitudinal)
100.00 mm(Vertical) Length= 1306.00 mm
1
2SOL
3
4SOL
5
H A= 0.00 B=0.267E-01 V A= 0.00 B=0.267E-01
Z A=-4.40 B=0.222E+09
BEAM AT NEL1= 1H A= 1.35 B=0.773E-01 V A= 1.35 B=0.773E-01
Z A=-4.27 B=0.222E+09
BEAM AT NEL2= 5 I= 54731.3 mAW= 0.0500 0.0500 MeV
FREQ= 325.00 MHz WL= 922.44 mmEMITI= 150.000 150.000109163.58EMITO= 150.000 150.000109163.58
N1= 1 N2= 5
MATCHING TYPE = 5DESIRED VALUES (BEAMF) alpha betax 1.3540 0.0773
MATCH VARIABLES (NC=2)MPP MPE VALUE 1 2 2389.25818 1 4 2137.42273
P B O Lab T R A C E DATE: 02-05-2010TIME: 08:29:48
H A= 0.00 B=0.267E-01 V A= 0.00 B=0.267E-01
Z A=-4.40 B=0.314E+09
BEAM AT NEL1= 1
H A= 6.48 B= 14.4 V A= 6.48 B= 14.4
Z A=-4.22 B=0.314E+09
BEAM AT NEL2= 5
H A= 0.00 B=0.267E-01 V A= 0.00 B=0.267E-01
Z A=-4.40 B=0.385E+09
BEAM AT NEL1= 1
H A=-4.41 B= 29.9 V A=-4.41 B= 29.9
Z A=-4.19 B=0.385E+09
BEAM AT NEL2= 5
H+ 、 H2+ & H3
+
Beam profile
Some R&D work already carried out
45
Ion Source: ECR & LEBT (IMP)
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High-duty factor RFQ (IHEP)
973 RFQ ADS RFQ
Frequency 352MHz 325MHz
Energy 3.5MeV 3MeV
Duty Factor ~15% CW
Operating Short time Long time
A 3.5 MeV - 40 mA RFQ of 7-15% duty factor (supported by “973” program) was constructed and commissioned at IHEP, one of the most powerful RFQs under operation condition.
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High power input couplers (IHEP)
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≥400kW
(Supported by the BEPC SC cavity development program)
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Cryomodules (IHEP)
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Cryomodule named PXFEL1 was passed the cryogenic test at DESY in July. 2009.
Cryomodule for BEPCII 500MHz SC Cavity
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Control & Instrumentation (IHEP)
Controls: Digitalized control system has been developed for the
CSNS project, and can be used in the C-ADS EPICS, XAL etc. developed with the CSNS project
(BEPCII) Instrumentation
Many beam diagnostic devices have been developed or are under development under the “973” program and the CSNS project. They can be used in the C-ADS, such as BLM (including ion chamber, FBLM), BPM, BCT, Wire Scanner, double-slit emittance measurement system.
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SummaryI. Sustainable nuclear energy has high priority in China.
II. The C-ADS program has been officially started under the coordination of CAS, and is led by three CAS institutes.
III. The R&D phase for the driver linac is to build a SC linac with a CW beam of 50-MeV and 10-mA, and relevant infrastructure.
IV. It is a great challenge to build a high-performance CW proton linac. Strong collaboration with international leading laboratories is very important. This is not only an important step towards the ADS but also a contribution to the accelerator community.
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Thanks for your Thanks for your attentionattention!!
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