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Introduction to the Introduction to the Physics Physics
Echocardiography Echocardiography
Jose L. Rivera, M.D.Jose L. Rivera, M.D.January 9, 2010January 9, 2010
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The Basic PhysicsThe Basic Physics
• Image Generation: The Physics of Image Generation: The Physics of Ultrasound Doppler Imaging Modalities & Ultrasound Doppler Imaging Modalities & Measurement of Blood VelocitiesMeasurement of Blood Velocities
• Use of Calculus to manipulate ultrasound Use of Calculus to manipulate ultrasound Doppler informationDoppler information
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ObjectivesObjectives
• Explain how the various modes of Explain how the various modes of ultrasound image are generatedultrasound image are generated
• Define the basic physics and calculus Define the basic physics and calculus concepts used in medical ultrasound concepts used in medical ultrasound imagingimaging
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ObjectivesObjectives
• Discuss the utility and applications of Discuss the utility and applications of Doppler color flows imaging.Doppler color flows imaging.
• Explain the difference between Pulsed Explain the difference between Pulsed Doppler and Continuous Doppler and their Doppler and Continuous Doppler and their applicationsapplications
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Physics of EchocardiographyPhysics of Echocardiography
Brief Review of Echocardiography Physics to:
Understand the generation, propagation and detection of Ultrasounds Waves
Explain how the physical principles affect our measurements and images
Appreciate the strengths and limitations of the technology
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THE BASIC PHYSICSTHE BASIC PHYSICS
• ULTRASOUND WAVES IN A FLUID BEHAVE ULTRASOUND WAVES IN A FLUID BEHAVE LIKE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN A LIKE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN A VACUUMVACUUM
• THEIR ENERGY SOURCE ORIGINATES FROM THEIR ENERGY SOURCE ORIGINATES FROM ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES & THEY RETAIN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES & THEY RETAIN SOME OF THOSE WAVE PROPERTIESSOME OF THOSE WAVE PROPERTIES
• THEIR PROPERTIES CAN BE ANALYZED WITH THEIR PROPERTIES CAN BE ANALYZED WITH BASIC CALCULUS (Integral & Differential)BASIC CALCULUS (Integral & Differential)
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• The following diagrams on the following slides were obtained from Sidebotham’s The following diagrams on the following slides were obtained from Sidebotham’s “Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography“Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography
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Piezoelectric EffectPiezoelectric Effect
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Piezoelectric effect results inCompression & Rarefaction: The Shockwave
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Damping Material is used to “ring down” the Pulse Length & Bandwidth which results in
improved resolution
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Ultrasound Interactions with Tissue
Interfaces
Arrow represent Vectors whose length equal the Arrow represent Vectors whose length equal the strength & direction of the reflected signalstrength & direction of the reflected signal
A and B represent specular (mirror like) reflectors, A and B represent specular (mirror like) reflectors, the B return signal does not return to the transducerthe B return signal does not return to the transducer
C and D have a rough surface that is typical of human C and D have a rough surface that is typical of human tissuetissue
E are objects smaller than a wavelength & therefore E are objects smaller than a wavelength & therefore scatter the energyscatter the energy
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Interactions of Ultrasound Waves with Interactions of Ultrasound Waves with TissueTissue
The interactions will determine the types of The interactions will determine the types of images & artifacts that are generatedimages & artifacts that are generated
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Reflection, Attenuation & Reflection, Attenuation & Time Gain Time Gain Conpensation Conpensation SettingsSettings
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Transducer Frequency & Wavelength affect Transducer Frequency & Wavelength affect Resolution & PenetrationResolution & Penetration
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TRANSDUCERSTRANSDUCERSDESIGNDESIGN
• Piezoelectric Principle is universal• Linear Array
Nerve Block probe
• Mechanical Sector Scan old Site Rite
• Phase Array Design• 3D probes
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Mechanical Sector Scan
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PHASE ARRAY TRANSDUCERGenerating the Summation Wave front
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Steering the Phase Array Summation Wave Front
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3D probes3D probes
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Types of Ultrasound “Formats”
• A mode (amplitude)• B mode (brightness) Most common• M mode (motion) • Doppler
Pulse WaveContinuous WaveColor Flow
• 3D
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A Mode (amplitude) B Mode (2D) M Mode A Mode (amplitude) B Mode (2D) M Mode (motion)(motion)
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3D Format3D Format
• Fig 3.48 video.avi
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SUMMARY• Understanding Echocardiography
Physics will enhance our understanding of:
• The physical principles that affect our measurements and images
• Knowing when to believe or doubt our results
• The strengths and limitations of the technology