INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
SIDNEY GREEN, PH.D.SIDNEY GREEN, PH.D.
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGYDEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY
COLLEGE OF MEDICINECOLLEGE OF MEDICINE
HOWARD UNIVERISTYHOWARD UNIVERISTY
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
Definition of ToxicologyDefinition of Toxicology
- the basic science of poisons - the basic science of poisons (old)(old)
- the study of the adverse effects of - the study of the adverse effects of
chemical agents on biological systems chemical agents on biological systems
(new)(new)
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
WHAT TOXICOLOGISTS DOWHAT TOXICOLOGISTS DO -involved in the recognition, identification,-involved in the recognition, identification, and quantitation of hazardand quantitation of hazard -develops standards and regulations to -develops standards and regulations to protect health and the environmentprotect health and the environment - involved in safety assessment and use of- involved in safety assessment and use of data as basis for regulatory control of hazardsdata as basis for regulatory control of hazards - determines risk associated with use of chemicals - determines risk associated with use of chemicals
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT - Hazard identificationHazard identification- Dose Response AssessmentDose Response Assessment- Exposure AssessmentExposure Assessment- Risk CharacterizationRisk Characterization
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
INTERRELATED COMPONENTS OFINTERRELATED COMPONENTS OF
THE RISK ASSESSMENTTHE RISK ASSESSMENT- chemical or physical agentchemical or physical agent- biological systembiological system- effect or responseeffect or response- exposure situationexposure situation
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
AREAS OF TOXICOLOGY (FIELDS OFAREAS OF TOXICOLOGY (FIELDS OF
SPECIALTY)SPECIALTY)
-descriptive -environmental-descriptive -environmental
-mechanistic-mechanistic
-regulatory-regulatory
-forensic-forensic
-clinical-clinical
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
RISK AND SAFETYRISK AND SAFETY
--RISK;RISK; the probability that harm will occur the probability that harm will occur
under specified conditionsunder specified conditions
--SAFETYSAFETY; the probability that harm will not; the probability that harm will not
occur under specified conditionsoccur under specified conditions
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
FACTORS CONSIDERED IN FACTORS CONSIDERED IN DETERMINING ACCEPTABLE RISKDETERMINING ACCEPTABLE RISK
- benefitsbenefits- availability of substitutesavailability of substitutes- anticipated public useanticipated public use- employment considerationsemployment considerations- economic considerationseconomic considerations
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
FACTORS CONSIDERED IN FACTORS CONSIDERED IN DETERMINING ACCEPTABLE RISKDETERMINING ACCEPTABLE RISK
- effects on environmental qualityeffects on environmental quality- conservation of natural resourcesconservation of natural resources
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
MAJOR FACTORS THAT INFLUENCEMAJOR FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
TOXICITYTOXICITY
-route of administration-route of administration
-duration and frequency of exposure-duration and frequency of exposure
-dose or concentration-dose or concentration
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
RAPIDITY OF RESPONSE WITH RAPIDITY OF RESPONSE WITH RESPECT TO ROUTE OF EXPOSURERESPECT TO ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
-intravenous -intradermal-intravenous -intradermal
-inhalation -topical -inhalation -topical
-intraperitoneally-intraperitoneally
-subcutaneous-subcutaneous
-intramuscular-intramuscular
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
SPECTRUM OF UNDERSIRED EFFECTSSPECTRUM OF UNDERSIRED EFFECTS
-allergic reactions-allergic reactions
-chemical allergies-chemical allergies
-idiosyncratic reactions-idiosyncratic reactions
-immediate vs. delayed toxicity-immediate vs. delayed toxicity
-reversible vs. irreversible toxicity-reversible vs. irreversible toxicity
-local vs. systemic toxicity-local vs. systemic toxicity
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
INTERACTION OF CHEMICALSINTERACTION OF CHEMICALS- AdditiveAdditive- SynergisticSynergistic- PotentiationPotentiation- Antagonism ( functional, chemical,Antagonism ( functional, chemical,
dispositional, receptor)dispositional, receptor)
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
TOLERANCETOLERANCE- state of decreased responsiveness to a toxicstate of decreased responsiveness to a toxic
effect of a chemical, resulting from previous effect of a chemical, resulting from previous exposureexposure
--dispositional tolerancedispositional tolerance; a decreased amount; a decreased amount
of drug reaching the siteof drug reaching the site
--cellularcellular; reduced responsiveness of a tissue; reduced responsiveness of a tissue
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
DOSE RESPONSEDOSE RESPONSE
--ASSUMPTIONSASSUMPTIONS
-response is due to chemical administered-response is due to chemical administered
-the response is related to the dose-the response is related to the dose
-there is a receptor site with which the-there is a receptor site with which the
chemical interactschemical interacts
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
DOSE RESPONSEDOSE RESPONSE
-ASSUMPTIONS (contd)-ASSUMPTIONS (contd)
-the degree of response is related to-the degree of response is related to
the concentration at the sitethe concentration at the site
-the concentration at the site is related-the concentration at the site is related
to the dose administeredto the dose administered
-has a quantifiable method of measuring and a -has a quantifiable method of measuring and a
precise means of expressing the toxicityprecise means of expressing the toxicity