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Introductory EEG Reading
Dennis J. Dlugos, MD
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Perelman School of Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
October 2014
CNS
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2
Nguyen The Tich S, Pereon Y. Epilepsia 1999;40:531
Focal-onset seizures Generalized-onset seizures
Normal
development
and imaging
Developmental and/or
imaging
abnormalities
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Learning Objectives
Review the basic principles of EEG Describe normal EEG patterns across the
age spectrum Awake Asleep
Review principles, pearls and pitfalls of interpreting abnormal EEG patterns
Review seizures when recorded on EEG
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6 layer cortex
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Pyramidal cells
Main efferent neurons of cortex Excitatory Layers 3 and 5 Apical dendrites, deep axons
Receive afferent input from thalamus and cortex Excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)
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Integrated synapse
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Pyramidal cells and EEG
Pyramidal cells are organized Parallel to one another Apical dendrites perpendicular to brain surface
Each pyramidal cell has about 60,000 synapses
Summation of organized electrical activity = surface EEG
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Neurophysiology – Key points
Surface EEG is a measure of extra-cellular current flow associated with the summed activity of many individual neurons
Surface EEG mainly reflects the summed excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input upon pyramidal cells
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Neurophysiology – Key points
Surface EEG is a useful (but very crude) tool Always be aware of limitations Precise localization is difficult
Even very focal epilepsy reflects network-wide dysfunction
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Brain to EEG display
Brain generates electrical activity Positive and negative charges
EEG electrodes Detect brain activity Pairs of electrodes are linked (G1 – G2) Activity of G1 – G2 delivered to differential
amplifier Series of electrode pairs displayed as montage
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Brain to EEG display
Differential amplifier Differences bwt linked electrodes – amplified Similarities bwt linked electrodes – suppressed
Monitor Results of differential amplification displayed as
a waveform Display is filtered
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Display standards
G1 negative – G2 positive: UP G1 positive – G2 negative: DOWN
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Inter-ictal EEG
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Polarity and surface EEG
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Localization with surface EEG
Only accurate with “typical dipole” Inaccurate with any other generator
About 6-10 cm2 of cortical surface must
synchronously generate electrical potentials to be recorded on scalp EEG
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EEG Frequencies
Delta = less than 4 hertz Theta = 4 to less than 8 hertz Alpha = 8 to 13 hertz Beta = greater than 13 hertz
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EEG interpretation - 1
Age of patient Behavioral state
awake, drowsy, asleep absolutely critical !
Montage Screen display Filter settings
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EEG interpretation - 2
EEG background - awake Frequency (hertz = cycles/second) Amplitude (microvolts)
Posterior dominant rhythm - relaxed and awake
Frequency amplitude gradient - awake Front of head – faster and lower Back of head – slower and higher
Sleep architecture Normal slowing and normal sharp EEG
transients
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EEG interpretation - 3
Asymmetries Slowing
Focal Excessive generalized (age dependent)
Epileptiform abnormalities Sharp waves and spikes Generalized discharges Seizures
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EEG interpretation - 4
Provocation procedures Hyperventilation (HV) Photic stimulation
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EEG interpretation – 1 through 5
Beware of artifacts always
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Learning Objectives – EEG Intro
Review the basic principles of EEG recording
Describe normal EEG patterns across the age spectrum Awake Asleep
Review principles, pearls and pitfalls of interpreting abnormal EEG patterns
Review seizures when recorded on EEG
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FP1-F7
F7-T3
T3-T5
T5-O1
FP2-F8
F8-T4
T4-T6
T6-O2
FP1-F3
F3-C3
C3-P3
P3-O1
FP2-F4
F4-C4
C4-P4
P4-O2100 uV
1 sec
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Relaxed wakefulness
Posterior dominant rhythm (PDR) can only be assessed in relaxed wakefulness Eye blinks Not too much movement and muscle artifact
Normal standards are age dependent Look for frequency-amplitude gradient
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Stage 1 sleep (drowsiness)
Decreased eye blinks, movement and muscle
Slow, rolling, lateral eye movements Fragmentation of posterior dominant
rhythm Bursts of slowing (often theta) Vertex sharp waves Increased beta activity Positive occipital sharp transients of sleep
POSTs
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Stage 2 sleep
Vertex sharp waves Sleep spindles
central: 14 hz ( range 12.5-15.5) frontal: 12 hz (range 11-13.5)
K-complexes vertex sharp waves and sleep spindles
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Stage 3 sleep
Diffuse delta activity: 20-50% Sleep spindles may persist
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Stage 4 sleep
Diffuse delta activity: > 50%
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REM sleep
Rapid eye movements Lower amplitude, faster activity
Resembles waking EEG, but with rapid eye movements
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Age groups
Infants (1 – 12 mos) Toddlers (12 – 36 mos) Pre-school (3 – 5 yrs) Children (6 – 12 yrs)
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Infancy (1 – 12 mos) - awake
Posterior dominant rhythm Must have relaxed wakefulness to assess
• 3 – 4 mos: 3 – 4 hz • 5 – 11 mos: 5 – 6 hz • 12 mos: 6 –7 hz
Frequency - amplitude gradient
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Infancy (1 –12 mos) - sleep
Stage 1 sleep (drowsiness) Bursts of high amplitude rhythmic slowing Vertex waves at 4-6 mos
Stage 2 sleep Sleep spindles at 1-2 mos
• 12-15 hz, asynchronous, max in central regions
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2 months – awake, asleep
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4 months – awake, asleep
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4 mos - awake
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4 mos - asleep
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6 months – awake
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9 months – awake
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Toddlers (12 – 36 mos) - awake
Posterior dominant rhythm Usually 6-7 hz Fragments of 8 hz PDR by age 3 Need relaxed wakefulness
Much delta and theta in the background
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Toddlers (12 – 36 mos) - sleep
Stage 1 Bursts of high amplitude rhythmic slowing
(hypnagogic hypersynchrony) Prominent vertex waves
Stage 2 Sleep spindles synchronous by 24 months
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24 months – awake/drowsy transition
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Pre-school (3 – 5 yrs) - awake
Posterior dominant rhythm At least 8 hz (often 9-10 hz) Posterior slow waves of youth Need relaxed wakefulness
Much theta, some delta in background
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Children (6 – 12 yrs) - awake
Posterior dominant rhythm 8.5 – 11 hz Posterior slow waves of youth Need relaxed wakefulness
Still some theta in the background
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10 years – awake/drowsy transition
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Normal EEG - summary
Systematic approach Beware and be honest about the
behavioral state Do not overcall
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Learning Objectives
Review the basic principles of EEG recording
Describe normal EEG patterns across the age spectrum Awake Asleep
Review principles, pearls and pitfalls of interpreting abnormal EEG patterns
Review seizures when recorded on EEG
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So what is abnormal?
Review suspected abnormalities in multiple montages AP bipolar Transverse bipolar Reference
Do not overcall
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Inter-ictal EEG
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Guidelines for sharp waves
1) Artifact until proven otherwise 2) Definable electrical field 3) Usually surface negative in polarity 4) Followed by a slow wave 5) Deviate from background activity 6) Not a physiologic (normal) sharp wave
Maulsby RL, Am J EEG Technology 1971;11:3-16
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Guideline #1
1) Every sharp wave is an artifact unless there are one or more good reasons for suspecting otherwise.
- muscle - EKG - electrodes - eye movements
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10 yr old, school problems
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Guideline #2
2) Sharp waves of cerebral origin always occupy a definable electrode field on the scalp and should always be seen in 2 or more nearby electrode sites.
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Guideline #3
3) Clinically significant sharp waves are almost always surface negative in polarity.
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Guideline #4
4) Most clinically significant sharp waves are followed by a slow wave or a series of slow deflections.
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Wicket rhythm
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Wicket rhythm
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Guideline #5
5) Ignore sharp waves which can be logically explained by simple alterations in voltage of the existing background or by superimposition of several components in the background.
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9 yr old, school problems
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9 yr old, school problems
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Guideline #6
6) Several types of physiological sharp waves may be present, especially during drowsiness and sleep. These must be thoroughly familiar to the EEG reader.
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Guidelines for sharp waves
1) Artifact until proven otherwise 2) Definable electrical field 3) Usually surface negative in polarity 4) Followed by a slow wave 5) Deviate from background activity 6) Not a physiologic (normal) sharp wave
Maulsby RL, Am J EEG Technology 1971;11:3-16
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Rolandic epilepsy of childhood
aka “Benign focal epilepsy with centro-temporal sharps”
Normal EEG background Sharp waves
Centro-temporal sharps Often a frontal horizontal dipole Activation with sleep Possibly other focal or generalized sharps
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10 year old, nocturnal seizures with facial twitching and speech arrest
300 V
1 sec
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10 year old, nocturnal seizures with facial twitching and speech arrest
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10 year old, nocturnal seizures with facial twitching and speech arrest
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Occipital epilepsy of childhood
aka “Benign focal epilepsy with occipital sharps”
Normal EEG background Sharp waves
Occipital sharps (or spike/wave) activated by eye closure
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Learning Objectives
Review the basic principles of EEG recording
Describe normal EEG patterns across the age spectrum Awake Asleep
Review principles, pearls and pitfalls of interpreting abnormal EEG patterns
Review seizures when recorded on EEG
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Approach to Clinical Seizure
Seizure or not? What does the seizure look like?
Seizure semiology Partial or generalized?
Semiology, EEG, imaging If partial, what side and what lobe?
Etiology? Epileptic seizures or provoked seizures? Specific etiology?
Syndrome?
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The actual episode – history, history…
Circumstances Progression of signs
Aura or prodrome Eyes open or closed? Eye flutter, facial automatisms Focal, versive or lateralizing signs Characteristics of motor movements
Post-ictal state
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Approach to an EEG seizure
Have a beginning, middle and end Evolve in frequency, amplitude,
morphology and/or spatial distribution
Beware of artifacts Monomorphic Often do not evolve
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Age makes a difference in …
Semiology Terminology Ability to determine mechanism of onset
clinically Lateralizing value Syndrome classification
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Age-specific semiology summary
Neonates Only focal clonic and focal tonic seizures can
be diagnosed clinically Most seizures are subclinical
Infants less than 2 years Unique semiological terms are helpful Seizure classification and lateralization are
challenging clinically Children 2-6 years
Moving target Children 6 years and up
Largely resemble older children and adults
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Infant (< 2 years) seizure semiology
Astatic Behavioral arrest (hypomotor) Clonic Epileptic spasm Myoclonic Tonic Versive
Nordli et al. Epilepsia 1997;38:553
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Lennox Gastaut - ILAE definition
Age 1-8 years Tonic, atonic and absence seizures EEG usually has abnormal background activity,
slow spike-waves <3 Hz and, often multifocal abnormalities. During sleep, bursts of fast rhythms ( 10 Hz) appear.
In general, there is mental retardation.
Epilepsia. 1989 Jul-Aug;30(4):389-99
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LGS Classic Triad
Multiple seizure types Slow spike and wave on EEG Delayed mental development
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LGS: inter-ictal
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LGS: inter-ictal
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LGS: ictal
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Infantile Spasms - EEG
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3 mos old – hypomotor
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3 mos old – Generalized tonic + hypomotor
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3 mos old – Focal, subclinical
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6 mos old – Focal, subclinical
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Approach to an EEG seizure
Have a beginning, middle and end Evolve in frequency, amplitude,
morphology and/or spatial distribution
Beware of artifacts Monomorphic Often do not evolve
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Learning Objectives
Review the basic principles of EEG recording
Describe normal EEG patterns across the age spectrum Awake Asleep
Review principles, pearls and pitfalls of interpreting abnormal EEG patterns
Review seizures when recorded on EEG