Download - INVESTIGATION AND PROSECUTION OF WORK RELATED DEATHS IN SCOTLAND THE ROLE OF THE PROCURATOR FISCAL
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INVESTIGATION AND INVESTIGATION AND PROSECUTION OF WORK PROSECUTION OF WORK
RELATED DEATHS IN RELATED DEATHS IN SCOTLANDSCOTLAND
THE ROLE OF THE PROCURATOR FISCAL
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THE CROWN OFFICE AND THE CROWN OFFICE AND PROCURATOR FISCAL SERVICEPROCURATOR FISCAL SERVICE
The Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service provides Scotland’s independent public prosecution and deaths investigation service.
Department of the Scottish Executive headed by Lord Advocate whose independence is enshrined in the Scotland Act 1998 Sec.48
Procurators Fiscal are the Lord Advocates local representatives
48 offices in 11 areas HQ Crown Office Edinburgh
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PUBLIC PROSECUTIONPUBLIC PROSECUTIONThe department is the sole prosecuting
authority in Scotland and is responsible for making decisions about bringing prosecutions for almost all criminal offences.
It is the responsibility of the Procurator Fiscal to investigate all crimes or suspected crimes made known to him which have been committed or may have been committed within his jurisdiction.
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PUBLIC PROSECUTIONPUBLIC PROSECUTION
It is the responsibility of the Procurator Fiscal to investigate all crimes or suspected crimes made known to him which have been committed or may have been committed within his jurisdiction.
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SUDDEN, SUSPICIOUS OR SUDDEN, SUSPICIOUS OR UNEXPLAINED DEATHSUNEXPLAINED DEATHS
The Procurator Fiscal has a duty to investigate sudden, suspicious or unexplained deaths and where necessary to report these to Crown Office for further consideration
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WORK RELATED DEATHSWORK RELATED DEATHS
Role of Health and Safety Executive Role of Police
– To carry out preliminary enquiry on behalf of the Procurator Fiscal
– To preserve evidence– To have the body removed to the mortuary– To report to the Procurator Fiscal
Role of Procurator Fiscal
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Role of Procurator FiscalRole of Procurator Fiscal
On receipt of death report from the Police– Post Mortem– Toxicology– Expert– Factual
On receipt of HSE report– Discussion– Advice/guidance
Liaison with HSE/Police/VIA Protocols
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PRECOGNITIONPRECOGNITION
The purpose of precognition– The prompt,thorough and effective
investigation of the case which allows a full, fair and effective consideration of the evidence and proper presentation of the evidence in court by the prosecutor
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PRECOGNITIONPRECOGNITION
The nature of precognition– Interview of all key witnesses, gathering
together of all relevant productions, documents and materials to ascertain the evidence available to establish what happened, how it happened and who, if anyone was responsible
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PRECOGNITIONPRECOGNITION
The end productThe precognition
– Precognition statements– Copy productions– Discussion of the facts– Discussion of the law– Conclusions– Recommendations
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DECISION MAKINGDECISION MAKING
Precognition Sufficient credible and reliable evidence from at
least 2 independent sources to prove beyond reasonable doubt that a crime known to the Law of Scotland has been committed and the identity of the person who committed the crime and that it is in the public interest to proceed
Who(accused), what(charges),where(forum)
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ACCUSEDACCUSED
Body corporateIndividual
– self employed– managers– employees (Sec 7)– Sec 36(act or default)– Sec 37(director, manager,secretary/consent,
connivance,neglect)
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CHARGESCHARGES
What can be proved to the required standardWhat charges best reflect the level of
wrongdoingAdvice and guidance from HSEStatutoryCommon Law
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FORUMFORUM
Which courtSheriff SummarySheriff and JuryHigh CourtChoice
– gravity– history– penalty
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PENALTYPENALTY
For statutory offences same for High Court and Sheriff and Jury
For common law offences – High court life and unlimited fine– Sheriff and Jury 3 years and unlimited
fine(soon to be 5 years)
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OFFSHORE DEATHSOFFSHORE DEATHS
Dedicated Senior member of legal staffHigh level of expertiseVery close working relationship with HSE
and PoliceBased in Aberdeen
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MAJOR INCIDENTSMAJOR INCIDENTS
Role of Procurator FiscalResponse to declaration of Major Incident
– Operational– Tactical– Strategic
MortuaryMediaLiaison/consultation
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VICTIM INFORMATION AND VICTIM INFORMATION AND ADVICEADVICE
Part of Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service
Close working relationship with – Procurator Fiscal– Police Family Liaison Officers – Reporting Agencies
Coordination
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“Safety and Corporate Criminal Accountability in Scotland”
www.corporateaccountability.org
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John Blackburn
HSE Principal Inspector
HSE and the Investigation of HSE and the Investigation of Death in ScotlandDeath in Scotland
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Role of HSE and LAsRole of HSE and LAs
Role of HASWA enforcing authoritiesOrganisation in ScotlandEnforcement of health and safety lawPolicy on work related deathsIndividualsThe investigation
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Role of HSE/LA contd.Role of HSE/LA contd.
Liaison with the policeHSE and culpable homicideContacting the bereavedReporting to the fiscalPenalties
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Enforcing HASWAEnforcing HASWA
HASWA – Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Enforcement divided between local authorities and
HSE HSE – FOD, HID (Land Division and Offshore
Division),RI, NSD Inspectors have powers to inspect/investigate
health and safety offences
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EnforcementEnforcement
Purpose of enforcement is to ensure risk properly controlled and when appropriate to punish offenders
Inspectors can give adviceServe Improvement NoticesServe Prohibition NoticesReport offences to Procurator Fiscal
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PolicyPolicy
HSC have published enforcement policy – available on web site www.hse.gov.uk
HSC policy that all work related deaths be investigated (unless exceptional circumstances)
HSC policy that prosecution presumed where death was result of breach
HSC policy to contact the bereaved In Scotland final decision on prosecution with Fiscal Fiscal cannot direct HSE but policy to assist and
cooperate
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Prosecution of individualsProsecution of individuals
Individuals can be prosecuted as self employed, managers or employees
Section 7 – employee fails to take reasonable care for health and safety
Section 36 – offence through act or defaultSection 37 - director or senior officer
offence through their consent or connivance or attributable to their neglect
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InvestigationInvestigation
HSE incident investigation selection criteria All work related deaths to be investigated Investigation usually starts within 24 hours, is
coordinated with the police Size of investigation proportionate – can call on
forensic resources as needed Report to Fiscal with recommendations and
evidence to support any prosecution of HASWA offences
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HSE/PoliceHSE/Police
There is no formal protocol in Scotland for liaising with police at work related deaths
Liaison is on case by case basis Investigation coordinated, but report separately to
the Fiscal Both will interview witnesses. Police tend to focus on event/ HSE on
management system and technical issues as well as immediate circumstances
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Culpable homicideCulpable homicide
HSE inspectors not empowered to investigate culpable homicide
Inspectors are guided to be alert to possibility Inspectors should then raise their concern with the
police/fiscal to take over the investigation HSE could then help with technical aspects if
requested
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Contacting the bereavedContacting the bereaved
HSC policy that we contact bereaved for all work related deaths
Coordinated with police and fiscalWe will offer to meet family to explain our
role and how investigation will proceedBut cannot give information that may
prejudice any prosecution
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Reporting to the FiscalReporting to the Fiscal
If recommending proceedings will submit a prosecution report with all evidence and inspectors reports including legal discussion
Report becomes property of Fiscal and is not disclosable
If not recommending prosecution will send report to Fiscal outlining the circumstances and saying why we do not consider prosecution appropriate
We normally report within 4 months depending on complexity of investigation
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PenaltiesPenalties
• Summary cases: - Regulations £5,000
- HASWA £20,000 - 6 months some offences
• Solemn procedure: - Unlimited fine
- 2 years some offences
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“Safety and Corporate Criminal Accountability in Scotland”
www.corporateaccountability.org
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Najma Rasul, CCA Caseworker
Differences between England and Scotland in the investigation and Prosecution of
work-related safety issues
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONCCA CASEWORK
• Joseph Rowntrees Charitable Trust
• Free, independent, confidential
• Advice and assistance on investigation and prosecution issues arising out of death
• England, Wales - but also Scotland
TALK
• Differences between England/Wales and Scotland
• Possible Advantages/Disadvantages of difference
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Health and Safety Health and Safety ExecutiveExecutive
Similarities: Preventative inspections, investigation, enforcement of notices.
Differences:
– England - HSE involved in Prosecution
– Scotland - Role of Procurator Fiscal and Crown Office
Implications:
– Possible advantages:
Focus on Inspection/Investigation
Independent scrutiny of prosecution decision
HOWEVER
– Crown Office lower prosecution rates?
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ROLE OF POLICEROLE OF POLICE Similarities
– Criminal investigation
Differences
– England Manslaughter
– Scotland Homicide
– Scotland No Protocol of Liaison on Work-related Deaths
Protocol of Liaison
– Requires investigation of all work-related deaths as potential manslaughter
Impact of Lack of Protocol
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Role of Procurator FiscalRole of Procurator Fiscal
Similarities to Crown Prosecution Service
– Responsible for prosecutions
Differences
– Overall control of investigation
– Responsibility (with Crown Office) for making Prosecution Decisions;
– Policy of not providing reasons for decisions not to prosecute;
– Decision on whether Fatal Accident Inquiry
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FAI v Inquests FAI v Inquests
• Similarities- Evidence in Public- interested parties can ask questions
Differences– Extent of Mandatory Inquiry
Eng/Wales All reportable deaths Scotland - not deaths of members of public
- Not mandatory is H&S prosecution
- Level of Inquiry• Scotland Much wider
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“Safety and Corporate Criminal Accountability in Scotland”
www.corporateaccountability.org