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IP address Allocation & and Requests
AfNOG Workshop, May 2004
Dakar, Senegal
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• Definitions: IR, LIR, RIR
• Registry system requirements
• Network plan
• Becoming a LIR
• Policy mechanism
• WHOIS database
Overview
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Disclaimer
• This presentation uses materials from the Registries
• This is about numbers– not about domain names
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RIPE NCCARIN APNIC
LIRLIRLIR
ISP
End User End UserEnd User
/8
…, /16, …, /20
…, /19, …, /24, …, /29
LACNIC
IANA / ICANN/8
Who are involved?
Internet Registry Goals:
AGGREGATION routing!
CONSERVATION no stockpiling!
REGISTRATION uniqueness / troubleshooting
AfriNIC
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Definition:Internet Registry (IR)
• organisation which allocates, assigns and registers Internet resources (IP addresses, ASNs)
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Definition: Regional Internet Registry (RIR)
• organisation with regional responsibility for management of Internet resources
• allocates address space to LIRs
• address registration services, co-ordination and policy development
• APNIC, ARIN, RIPE-NCC
• AfriNIC, LACNIC in formation
• Must be neutral and consensus-based
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RIR Service Regions
AfriNIC
LACNIC
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Definition: Local Internet Registry (LIR)
– Gets allocated address space from RIR– assigns address space to its customers– Usually an ISP
• Very small ISPs get IP address space from their upstream provider
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Definition: Allocation /Assignment
• Allocation– A block of address space held by an IR for
subsequent allocation or assignment• Not yet used to address any networks
• Assignment– A block of address space used to address an
operational network – May be provided to LIR customers, or used for
an LIR’s infrastructure (‘self-assignment’)
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Definition: Allocation and Assignment
RIRRIR
CustomerCustomer
Allocates IP addressesAllocates IP addresses Assigns IP addressesAssigns IP addressesor Reassignsor Reassigns
LIRLIR
LIRLIR
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Registry system requirements
• Assignment of globally unique (IP) address space
• Registration
• Conservation of address space
• Minimize routing information (aggregation)
• Scalable
• Fair
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Definition: PI and PA
• Provider Independent (Portable)• Customer holds addresses independent from ISP
• Customer keeps addresses when changing ISP
• Bad for size of routing tables
• Bad for QOS: routes may be filtered, flap-dampened
• Provider Aggregatable (Non-portable)• Customer uses ISP’s address space
• Customer must renumber if changing ISP
• Only way to effectively scale the Internet
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Do you need to become LIR?
• You are an Organization/ISP that need more than /23 Public IP addresses
• You need your Own IP address (independence from Upstream Provider)
• Your are multihomed and one of your peer doesn’t want to announce a small block from another provider. (Aggregation)
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Why so much NAT
• False perception that RIRs will not give an LIR needed/justified space
• Difficulty of a large ISP (cable, DSL, …) to do customer-by-customer need-based allocation
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NAT????
• So you have a NATted network• What can you do?• Design actual address space need if the
NATs were not there• Contact your RIR/NIR with these data and a
plan, as justification for a un-NATted portable IP allocation
• Give your customers real addresses!
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Ask for how much space?
• Where do you need the space for?
• Guessing on amount of space needed won’t work:– Not getting enough space doesn’t work– Getting too much space leaves unused space
go to waiste
• Need an addressing plan
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Implication of becoming an LIR
• Advantages– independent allocation
from RIR
– independent from LIR of upstream provider
• Disadvantages– has overhead
– costs resources
– costs $$$ (CFA, cedis, ...)
– possible need to renumber from upstream LIR block
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Addressing Plan
• Identify components of network• Customer services
• ISP internal infrastructure
• Identify phases of deployment• Starting off, 6 months, 12 months
• Identify equipment and topology changes• Need for redundancy
• Need for increased scale
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Responsibilities of an LIR
• Be familiar with latest IP policies
• Follow goals of Registry System– conservation– aggregation– registration
• Manage allocations responsibly
• Keep up to date records– internally– WHOIS database
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Process to become LIR
Remplir le formulaire
Signer le RSAPayer les
redevances
[email protected]<[email protected]>
Allocation
Assignationsub-allocation
1
2
3
4
AW=0ARIN process
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Allocation Request
ARIN Form :
http://www.arin.net/library/templates/net-isp.txt
RIPE NCC form:
http://www.ripe.net/ripe/docs/first-allocation.html
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Network plan RIPE NCC
subnet: /25 /25 /25 /25 dynamic dial-up POP1
subnet: /25 0 /25 /25 dynamic dial-up POP 2
subnet: /26 /27 /27 /27,/28 office LAN – City 1
subnet: /27 0 /28 /27 web/mail/ftp servers A
subnet: /27 /28 /28 /27 web/mail/ftp servers B
subnet: /28 /28 /28 /28 training room LAN City 1
totals: /24,/25,/28 /25,/26 /24,/26,/28 /24,/25
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Minimizing space requirements
• Dynamic addresses for dialups
• Classless assignments• Utilisation and efficiency guidelines
– 25% immediately, 50% in one year– operational needs; no reservations
• RFC1918
• Name-based web hosting
• Unnumbered interfaces
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Private Address Space
• RFC1918– 10/8, 172.16/12, 192.168/16– saves public address space– allows for more flexibility
• Suitable when– hosts do not require access to other networks– access to outside services through application
layer GW
• Not a solution for address space shortage!
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Whom to ask for address space
• Ask LIR of your (upstream) ISP
• Become LIR yourself! When?– you have customers who need addresses– you need more than a /21 in 1 year
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Influencing the RIR
• LIRs become member of association controlling RIR– LIR’s control RIR, RIR doesn’t control LIRs
• Policies developed in open forums
• Co-ordinated between RIRs and with IANA
• Based on consensus rather than rules
• Assures fair and open process
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Policy Development Process
• Policy (changes) can be suggested by– RIR Members/Local IRs – RIR staff– Public at large
• Policy must be– fair to all– ‘good’ for the Internet– consistent with global policies
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The whois Database
Introduction and Usage
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Overview
• What is the whois database?
• Why use it?
• Who uses it?
• Database query process
• Database update process
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What is the whois Database?
• Network Management Database
• Contains information about– address space– DNS domains– IP routing policies– contact information
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Why use the Database?
• Queries– Ascertain custodianship of a resource– Obtain details of technical contacts for a
network– Investigate security incidents– Track source of network abuse or “spam” email
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Who uses the Database?
• Queries– Internet Service Providers– Site network managers and engineers– Any Internet user
• Updates– Internet registries (RIRs, LIRs)– Internet Service Providers– Anyone who holds an Internet resource
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Database Objects• Database object types
OBJECT PURPOSEperson contact persons role contact groups/rolesinetnum IPv4 address allocations/assignmentsinet6num IPv6 address allocations/assignmentsaut-num autonomous system numberas-macro group of autonomous systemsdomain reverse domainsroute prefixes being announcedmntner (maintainer) database authorisation
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Contact InformationExample object - ‘person’
person:
address:
address:
country:phone:
fax-no:
e-mail:
nic-hdl:mnt-by:
changed:source:
Brajesh Jain B 115 SARVODAYA ENCLAVENEW DELHI 110017 TH +91-11-6864138+91-11-6865888bcjain@[email protected] 20000429
APNIC
AttributesAttributes ValuesValues
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Network Information
Example object - ‘inetnum’
inetnum:netname:descr:descr:country:admin-c:tech-c:mnt-by:mnt-lower:changed:source:
203.113.0.0 - 203.113.31.255 TOTNET-APTelephone Organization of THAILAND(TOT) Telephone and IP Network Service Provider TH
NM18-APRC80-APAPNIC-HMMAINT-TH-SS163-AP
[email protected] 19990922APNIC
AttributesAttributes ValuesValues
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Database Query - Search Keys
OBJECT TYPEOBJECT TYPE ATTRIBUTES - SEARCH KEYS ATTRIBUTES - SEARCH KEYS
** whois supports queries on any of these objects/keyswhois supports queries on any of these objects/keys
name, nic-hdl, e-mailname, nic-hdl, e-mailmaintainer namenetwork number, namedomain nameas numberas-macro nameroute valuenetwork number, name
personrolemntnerinetnumdomainaut-numas-macrorouteinet6num
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Database Query - Inetnum
• NotesNotes• Incomplete addresses padded with “.0”Incomplete addresses padded with “.0”• Address without prefix interpreted as “/32”Address without prefix interpreted as “/32”
% whois 203.127.128.0 - 203.127.159.255
% whois SINGNET-SG% whois 202.127.128.0/19
inetnum: 203.127.128.0 - 203.127.159.255netname: SINGNET-SG descr: Singapore Telecommunications Ltd descr: 31, Exeter Road, #02-00, Podium Blockdescr: Comcentre, 0923 country: SGadmin-c: CWL3-APtech-c: CWL3-APmnt-by: APNIC-HM changed: [email protected] 19990803 source: APNIC
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Database Query - Inetnum
• RIPE extended whois clientftp://ftp.ripe.net/ripe/dbase/software/ripe-dbase-3.0.tar.gz
• Flags used for inetnum queriesNone find exact match
- L find all less specific matches
- m find first level more specific matches
- M find all More specific matches
- r turn off recursive lookups
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210.8.30/23210.8.30/23
Database Query - Inetnuminetnum hierarchy: whois 210.8.0.0/16
All less All less specifics (-L)specifics (-L) 210/7210/7
0/00/0
Exact matchExact match 210.8/16210.8/16
All moreAll morespecifics (-M)specifics (-M)
1st level1st levelmoremoreSpecific (-m)Specific (-m)
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‘‘-M’ will find all assignments in a range in the database-M’ will find all assignments in a range in the database
inetnum: 202.144.0.0 - 202.144.31.255netname: SILNET-APdescr: Satyam Infoway Pvt.Ltd.,.....inetnum: 202.144.13.104 - 202.144.13.111netname: SOFTCOMNETdescr: SOFTCOM LAN (Internet)IP......inetnum: 202.144.1.0 - 202.144.1.255descr: SILNETdescr: Satyam Infoway's Chennai LAN.....
% whois -M 202.144.0.0/19
Database Query - Inetnum