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Is a Domestic Biofuel Industry Necessary for National Defense?
Erick CastroScott Bishop
Brad ColemanGary BlumbergAnthony Ripley
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Biofuels Background
• Biofuels = fuels from recently processed biomass– Biomass (organic matter) referred to as feedstock
• Two primary types of biofuel: ethanol, biodiesel• 1st Generation biofuel: carbohydrate-based• 2nd Generation biofuel: cellulose-based• 3rd Generation biofuel: microalgae/organisms
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Congressional RFS mandate
15 Billion
4 Billion
16 Billion
New growth industries
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Proponents• Independence from foreign
oil sources– Drop-in replacement for oil– Reduce price of oil
• Cost projected to drop below current price of fuel
• Claims lower lifecycle carbon footprint
• Hedge against volatile fuel prices
• DOD should initiate investment
Detractors• Insignificant impact on fuel
supply• Currently more expensive• Env. benefits in doubt
– May increase CO2 levels– May consume more energy to
produce than energy provided
• As a direct substitute, biofuel would be priced at market rate
• No increase in military capability– Same logistics as oil
Biofuel Proponents/ Detractors
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Biofuels won’t remove volatility
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DOD Energy Use by Service
• DOD is the largest consumer of petroleum in the world– DOD should lead biofuel research
• USAF: 62M• USN: 25.3M• USA: 21M• USMC: 4.7M• Total: 113M*
*2010 consumption
Air Force Navy Army Marine Corps
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
FY 2010 Petroleum Fuel Use (Millions of Barrels)
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U.S. Petroleum Use• DOD accounted for 1% of all U.S. energy consumption• DOD accounted for 3.2% of U.S. petroleum use in FY2011• DOD accounted for 0.69% of world petro use in FY2011
USAF USN USA USMC U.S. Comm.
Aviation
U.S. Trucks & Buses
U.S. Light Vechicles
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000FY2010 Petroleum Fuel Use (Millions of Barrels)
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Proportional Costs of Biofuel
• Department of the Navy has committed to spend over $200M to start a domestic biofuels industry
OR• Fund an additional 1,300 sailors.• FY13 shipbuilding plan Joint High-Speed Vessel
cost $189M
• R&D for energy saving technology
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Opportunity Costs of Biofuel
• Paying more for biofuels reduces funds available for innovations which give the DOD an operational advantage and reduce dependence– Current innovations which provide a tactical
advantage and reduce fuel consumption: • Solar power tactical equipment• Low consumption electronics• Higher capacity batteries• Insulated tactical shelters (tents)
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• Convoys are composed primarily of:– USMC: fuel & water are 70% logistic demand– Army: fuel & water are 80% logistic demand
• Costs to protect convoy:– Manpower diverted from tactical operations
• 50:1 casualty rate• Decreased lethality• Decreased endurance
Petroleum: Logistical Vulnerability
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• Fuel saving technologies:– Ground Renewable Expeditionary Energy Network System (
GREENS)– Solar Portable Alternative Comm Energy System (SPACES)– Rucksack Enhanced Portable Power System (REPPS)– Tactical Water Purification System (TWPS)– Lightweight Water Purification System (LWPS)– Hybrid solar-battery-generator– DC air conditioners
• These examples reduce the logistical demand and provide an operational advantage.
• These are some of the opportunity costs for investing in drop-in replaceable fuels.
Alternative technologies
Biofuels do NOT reduce the logistical vulnerability
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• DPA Examples of Success– Micro chip– Nuclear Power– GPS– Secure Radio Tech.
• Common Beneficial Trait– Each provided a substantial
operational advantage or capability to DOD
– Nothing available to provide comparable results
• DOD Procurement Failures– $436 Hammer– $640 Toilet Seat– $7,600 Coffee Maker
• Common Detracting Trait– None provided a
substantial operational advantage to DOD
– Adequate* substitutes readily available
*Adequacy infers that COTS items are “good enough” to accomplish the intended task.
DOD and Defense Production Act
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Conclusion and Recommendations
• Conclusion– Biofuels do not reduce the logistical vulnerability– Does not provide added value• Higher performance• Operational advantage
• Recommendation– Divert funds to develop technologies which reduce
fuel and water demand on the battlefield– If biofuels are a congressional priority fund as R&D– Mandate policy to hedge against volatility
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Questions?
I pity the fool who is insecure
“MR. T”
DR.
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Domestic Petroleum Sources
• IEA World Energy Outlook projects(2012 edition)– US becomes a net exporter of natural gas by 2020– Almost self-sufficient in net energy by 2035.
• Energy independence met with no fed gov exp
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Petroleum Use: The Bigger Picture
Air Force
Army
Mari
ne Corps
Navy
U.S. Li
ght V
echicl
es
U.S. Tru
cks &
Buses
U.S. Commerci
al Avia
tion0
50010001500200025003000350040004500
FY2010 Petroleum Fuel Use (Millions of Barrels)
U.S. Transportation data from Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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GREENS
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REPPS & SPACESREPPS
SPACES
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TWPS/LWPSTWPS
LWPS
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Hybrid Power / DC Airconditioners
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Making Ethanol (Corn)
Dry Milling Process
Source:http://www.ethanolrfa.org/pages/how-ethanol-is-made
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Making Ethanol (Corn)
Wet Milling Process
Source:http://www.ethanolrfa.org/pages/how-ethanol-is-made
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Making Ethanol (Cellulose)
Source: http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/biofuel/review6.php
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Making Biodiesel
Source: http://biodieseltutorial.utahbiodieselsupply.com/howitsmade/
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Making Biofuel (Algae)
Source: http://chemengineeringposts.wordpress.com/2012/02/20/what-about-algae-2/
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Fischer-Tropsch Process
Source: RAND Report “Alternative Fuels for Military Applications”
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Hydrotreated Renewable Oils
Source: RAND Report “Alternative Fuels for Military Applications”