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ISA Sensitization SeminarISA Sensitization SeminarKingston, Jamaica, March 28‐30, 2011
Judge Winston AndersonCaribbean Court of JusticeCaribbean Court of Justice
Formerly: Professor of International Law, Faculty of y , yLaw, University of the West Indies; General Counsel, CARICOM; Executive Director of Caribbean Law
Institute Centre
* Any views expressed herein are personal and preliminary and do not reflect my judicial positionpreliminary and do not reflect my judicial position.
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Wednesday, 30 March 2011
SESSION SESSION 3:The Caribbean and the ConventionThe Caribbean and the Convention
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Definitional issues “The Convention”
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, adopted on 10 December 1982; entered into force 16
b (“ h ” h “November 1994 (“the Convention” or the “Montego Bay Convention” or “LOSC”)
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LOSC and other conventions Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, (VCLT) Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, (VCLT) 1969 Article 34P t l Bi f t (Bi t h ) Protocol on Bio‐safety 2000 (Biotech case)
LOSC, Article 311 1958 Geneva Conventions1958 Geneva Conventions
LOSC & supplementary agreements Part XI (“the Area”)S ddli S k Straddling Stocks
LOSC, Part XII MARPOL & Civil Liability ConventionsMARPOL & Civil Liability Conventions
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LOSC and “Caribbean” Part IX, LOSC:
“…means a gulf, basin or sea surrounded by two or more States and connected to two or more States and connected to another sea or the ocean by a narrow outlet or consisting entirely or primarily of the or consisting entirely or primarily of the territorial seas and exclusive economic zones of two or more coastal States ” zones of two or more coastal States…
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The Wider Caribbean
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Other meanings “Caribbean”
Definition based on colonial legacy“C lth C ibb ” “Commonwealth Caribbean” or “Anglophone Caribbean”g p“Dutch Caribbean”“ h bb ”“French Caribbean”“Latin America” / & Caribbean Latin America / & Caribbean
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Caribbean Defined by IntegrationCaribbean Defined by Integration Treaty Arrangements
f bbOrganization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), Treaty of Basseterre, 1981, 2009C ibb C i (CARICOM) d Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME), Treaty of Chaguaramas 1973 Revised Treaty of Treaty of Chaguaramas 1973, Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas 2001
CARICOM and Dominican Republic CARICOM and Dominican Republic (CARIFORUM)
Association of Caribbean States (ACS) 1994Association of Caribbean States (ACS) 1994
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CARICOMCARICOM CARICOM Single Market and EconomyCaribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) Revised Treaty and Caribbean SeayMembershipAntigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica St Lucia St Vincent and the Jamaica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, Suriname Trinidad and TobagoSuriname, Trinidad and Tobago
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The Caribbean CommunityThe Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
o
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CARICOM and the Convention:Symbiotic relationship
Participation in negotiation, evolution, and crafting of text (Group of 77)Pl f d i f C i d l i f Place of adoption of Convention and location of a critical institution of the Convention (ISA)
Entry into force Entry into force Definition of CARICOM States; maritime entitlements and responsibilitiesand responsibilities
Strengthening the rule of the Convention
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1 A f C i1. Acceptance of ConventionCountry LOSC 1994 Part XI Straddling stocks
Antigua and Barbuda 20/2/1989
The Bahamas 29/07/1983 28/07/1995 16/07/1997
Barbados 12/10/1993 28/07/1995 22/09/2000
Belize 10/08/1983 21/10/1994 14/07/2005
Dominica 24/10/1991
Guyana 16/11/1993 25/09/2008
Haiti 31/07/1996 31/07/1996
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Acceptance of Convention Country LOSC 1994 Part XI Straddling stocksy 994 g
Jamaica 20/2/1989 28/07/1995 (s)
Montserrat (vide United Kingdom)
29/07/1983 28/07/1995 16/07/1997
St. Kitts & Nevis 12/10/1993 25/07/1997/ / 993 5/ 7/ 997
St. Lucia 10/08/1983 21/10/1994 9/8/1996
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
24/10/1991 29/10/2010
Suriname 16/11/1993 9/07/1998
Trinidad and Tobago 31/07/1996 28/07/1997 13/09/2006
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Issues arising from acceptance CARICOM not a party Declarations and statements: Articles 309, 310 Position of other Caribbean States (esp., United States, Venezuela)C l d h i Customary law and the convention
Nicaragua v United States [1986] ICJ Rep. 14 N th S C ti t l Sh lf [ 6 ] ICJ R North Sea Continental Shelf [1969] ICJ Rep. 3 VCLT, Article 34 Libya v Malta [1985] ICJ Rep 13 Libya v Malta [1985] ICJ Rep. 13
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2. Maritime jurisdiction Extended maritime zones
Enormous potential for economic development Tourism, fisheries, bio‐chemicals, energy
Archipelagic statusA ti & B b d Th B h J i St Vi t Antigua & Barbuda; The Bahamas; Jamaica; St. Vincent and the Grenadines; Trinidad and Tobago
12‐mile territorial sea 12 mile territorial sea 200‐mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) or exclusive fisheries zone (EFZ)
200‐mile continental shelf
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Legislation on maritime areasg UK Territorial Waters Act 1878 Antigua and Barbuda: Maritime Areas Act 1982 g 9(18/1982)
The Bahamas: The Archipelagic Waters and Maritime d A ( f )Jurisdiction Act 1993 (No. 37 of 1993)
Barbados: Barbados Territorial Waters Act 1977 (cap. 386) Marine Boundaries and Jurisdiction Act (cap 386), Marine Boundaries and Jurisdiction Act (cap. 387)
Belize: Maritime Areas Act 1992 (cap. 11)Belize: Maritime Areas Act 1992 (cap. 11) Dominica: The Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone, Exclusive Economic Zone and Fisheries 1981 (Act No. 26 of 1981)
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Legislation cont’dg Grenada: Territorial Sea and Maritime Boundaries Act 1990 (cap. 318)
Guyana: Maritime Boundaries Act 1977 (Act No. 10 of 1977)
l A (A f Jamaica: Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1991 (Act 33 of 1991)
St Kitts and Nevis: Maritime Areas Act 1984 (3/1984) St. Kitts and Nevis: Maritime Areas Act 1984 (3/1984) St. Lucia: Maritime Areas Act 1984 (cap. 116) St Vincent and Grenadines: Maritime Areas Act (cap St. Vincent and Grenadines: Maritime Areas Act (cap. 333)
Trinidad and Tobago: Archipelagic Waters & Exclusive g p gEconomic Zone Act (chap 51:06)
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Issues in maritime jurisdiction l i l tilegislation
h l f l ( ) Rights to exploitation of natural resources (NIEO)
R ibili f f i i Responsibility of foreign states to respect sovereignty and sovereign rights
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Nicaragua v United States :Nicaragua v United States : “The duty of every State to respect the territorial
i f h i b id d f h sovereignty of others is to be considered for the appraisal to be made of the facts relating to the mining which occurred along Nicaragua’s coasts mining which occurred along Nicaraguas coasts… The laying of the mines within the ports of another State is governed by the law relating to internal g y gwaters, which are subject to the sovereignty of the coastal state. The position is similar as regards mines placed in the territorial sea. It is therefore the sovereignty of the coastal state which is affected in such cases ”affected in such cases.
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‘Cruising’ US$ 50b
70% of all cruises take place in the North American region where the Caribbean Islands are the most popular destinations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ship
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MS Majesty of the Seas
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Thousands turn out for Oasis of the Seas, Falmouth, Jamaica Gleaner, Friday, March 25, 2011
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Cruising and maritime zones EEZ:
Rights of coastal states: living & non‐living resources; d “ th ti iti f i l it ti ”and “other activities for economic exploitation…”
Rights of other states: navigation; over‐flight; laying of sub‐marine cables and pipelinesp p
Territorial sea: Sovereignty subject to right of innocent passage
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Extended continental shelves Natural prolongation beyond 200 m Natural prolongation beyond 200 m Legislation claims up to edge of continental margin: Antigua and Barbuda, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts g , y , J ,Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago
2006 CARICOM LAC Meeting in St Lucia Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf: Barbados Suriname Trinidad and TobagoBarbados, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago
Notes verbales: Suriname, T&T, Venezuela CARICOM/CARIFORUM collaboration? CARICOM/CARIFORUM collaboration?
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3. FisheriesFisheries: jobs, income, food (protein), tourism
ACS/UWI Study > 504,913 jobs > US$1 billion in exports > 7% of total protein consumption in the Caribbean
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Fisheries cont’d 1995 Straddling Stocks Agreement: (6) (St. Lucia 995 St add g Stoc s g ee e t: (6) (St. uc a(1996), Bahamas (1997), Barbados (2000), Belize (2005), Trinidad and Tobago (2006), and St. Vincent
d h G di ( )and the Grenadines (2010) International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT): (5) Montserrat (1995) Trinidad Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT): (5) Montserrat (1995), Trinidad and Tobago (1999), Barbados (2000), Belize (2005), and St. Vincent and the Grenadines (2006)
International Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
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Common Fisheries Policy CARICOM H d f G t CARICOM Heads of Government Conference 2003
Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM)The Montego Bay ConventionThe Revised TreatyyReserved areas for nationalsNon‐CARICOM Caribbean statesNon CARICOM Caribbean states
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4. Navigation Caribbean legislation and navigational rightsg
WarshipsNuclear wasteNuclear waste
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5. Pollution Article 56 Part XII: apply “generally accepted rules and standards
bli h d b i i l i i ”established by competent international organizations” MARPOL 73/78 OPPRC 1990 OPPRC 1990
Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution) Act (Chapter 275), (The Bahamas)(The Bahamas)
Shipping (Oil Pollution) Act (Cap. 296A), (Barbados)
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Pollution and wider Caribbean Part IX: semi‐enclosed sea The Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP)/(RCU)
The Cartagena Convention, 1983 The Oil Spill Protocol 1983S i ll P t t d A d Wildlif P t l Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife Protocol 1990
Land‐Based Pollution Protocol 1999
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MARPOL special area status L Davidson and K Gjerde, “Special Area Status for the Wider Caribbean Region …”A I ( il) Annex I (oil)
Annex II (noxious liquid substances) A V ( b ) M Annex V (garbage), May 1, 2011
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Annex V Regulation 5 (2) (a) disposal into the sea of the following is prohibited: (i) all plastics, including but not limited to synthetic
h i fi hi l i b b d ropes, synthetic fishing nets, plastic garbage bags and incinerator ashes from plastic products which may contain toxic or heavy metal residues; and contain toxic or heavy metal residues; and
(ii) all other garbage, including paper products, rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery, dunnage, lining and g y g gpacking materials;
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Annex V Regulation 5 (2) cont’d (b) except as provided in subparagraph (c) of this paragraph, disposal into the sea of food wastes shall be made as far as practicable from land but in any case made as far as practicable from land, but in any case not less than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land;
(c) disposal into the Wider Caribbean Region of food (c) disposal into the Wider Caribbean Region of food wastes which have been passed through a comminuteror grinder shall be made as far as practicable from land, but in any case not less than 3 nautical miles from the nearest land. Such comminuted or ground food wastes shall be capable of passing through a food wastes shall be capable of passing through a screen with openings no greater than 25mm
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6. Dispute settlementPart XV, UNCLOS International Tribunal on Law of the Sea International Tribunal on Law of the Sea (“ITLOS”)
International Court of Justice (ICJ) International Court of Justice (ICJ)Arbitral Tribunal under Annex VII
l b l dSpecial Tribunal under Annex VIII
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(a) Boundary delimitation Barbados / Trinidad and Tobago Maritime Delimitation (Annex VII Tribunal), April 11, 2006
Circumstances of a dispute Unilateral invocation of settlement regime Equidistance and special circumstances Agreements with third states Limits to jurisdiction
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Boundary delimitation cont’d Guyana/Suriname Arbitration (Annex VII Tribunal), September 17, 2007
Jurisdiction and land boundaryU f f Use of force
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(b) P l / ib d(b) Prompt release/prescribed measuresmeasuresM/V Saiga; Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, 459 (1998)
Annex VII/ITLOS Promptness of release had a value in itself independent of the question of the bond
Prescribed measures Judge Eddie Lang
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7. Deep Sea Bed mining (ISA) Institutions:
Council LTC
Activities in the areaAd i O i i S b d Ch b ITLOS F b Advisory Opinion, Seabed Chamber, ITLOS, Feb. 2011
National under effective control “Due diligence” Due diligence
Endowment Fund Equitable distribution of benefitsEquitable distribution of benefits
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8. Special area for sustainable d ldevelopmentAssociation of Caribbean States Initiative, 1999UNCLOS, Articles 56, Part XIICartagena Convention and ProtocolsCartagena Convention and ProtocolsMARPOL special area status
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Revised TreatyARTICLE 141
Special Status of the Caribbean SeaThe Member States shall co‐operate in achievinginternational recognition for the Caribbean Sea asa Special Area requiring protection from thepotentially harmful effects of the transit of nuclearand other hazardous wastes dumping pollution byand other hazardous wastes, dumping, pollution byoil or by any other substance carried by sea orwastes generated through the conduct of shipwastes generated through the conduct of shipoperations.
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The ACS and the Caribbean Sea Address management of the wider Caribbean sea as a single large marine ecosystem (LME)
Objective are to:Objective are to: develop a holistic governance framework that enables all stakeholders to contribute to managing the Caribbean sea in a manner that maintains its goods and services that are in a manner that maintains its goods and services that are essential to human well‐being
contribute to the implementation of Resolution 57/261 of h G l A bl f h U i d N i d d the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted on 20 December 2003 “Promoting an Integrated Management Approach to the Caribbean sea in the context of
i bl d l ”sustainable development”
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Objectives of the ACS project To advance the case for recognition of theCaribbean sea by the international communityy yas a “Special Area in the Context ofSustainable Development” which is on theA d hi h h A d f h UNAgenda which was on the Agenda of the UNGeneral Assembly in 2010
The ACS’ Caribbean Sea Commission
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Arguments in favor of ACS project The Caribbean sea is special because it has: the most geopolitical components of complexity of any l i (LME) i h ldlarge marine ecosystem ecosystem (LME) in the world
the highest number of maritime boundaries of any LME in the worldLME in the world
the largest number of small island developing states (SIDS) in the world(SIDS) in the world
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Caribbean dependence on the sea Tourism Goods produced or provided by ecosystems
F d fi h Food e.g., fish Freshwater Bio‐chemicals
Non‐material benefits obtained by ecosystems Recreational Aesthetic Inspirational Educational Educational
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Challenges to ACS Project Impact of a complex mixture of stakeholders from within and outside the regiongGeopolitical make‐up of CaribbeanCaribbean as shipping routeCaribbean as shipping routeForeign fishers
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C l di kConcluding remarks Mr. Chairman, I hope that I have said enough in this gbrief excursus to support my starting premise that there is a special, even symbiotic relationship between the Convention and the Caribbean particularly the the Convention and the Caribbean, particularly the small states of the CARICOM region. The Convention has strengthened the maritime profile of these g pcountries and enhanced their potential for economic advancement and these States have provided
t iti f l ifi ti d th it ti opportunities for clarification and authoritative assertion of the rules of the Convention. I am sure that the opportunities for further collaboration with the ppISA will open up even more promising vistas.
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Thank you!
M J i Wi A d JCCJ© Mr. Justice Winston Anderson, JCCJ©