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Islam“Submission to the will of Allah”
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Tenants of the FaithMonotheistic
Believe in Judeo-Christian God but call him “Allah” (Christians, Jews do not
agree with this!)
Believe the Torah and Gospels were distorted: Qur’an is latest word from Allah
Jews and Christians (monotheistic)
“People of the Book”
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Religious PracticesSharia: “the way” (Islamic law)
Jihad: “to strive”
Halal: food that are acceptable
(pork, dog, shellfish forbidden)
Ritual slaughter
Dress should be
modest (ex: berka)
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Early Traditions
Abraham
Hagar
Ishmael
Sarah
Isaac
Jacob Esau
12 Arabian Tribes
12 Tribes of Israel
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Pro
ph
ets
Adam
Noah
Abraham
Moses
Jesus
Muhammad
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The Hadith: The Word
610 CE, Muhammad (trader in trade city of
Mecca) visited by angel Gabriel Hadith
622 CE, flees to
Medina: Hijira(emigration)
632 CE (death)
controlled
Arabian peninsula
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Qur’an• Literal word of
Allah
• Compiled after Muhammad’s death (Abu Bakr,
1st caliph)
• 32 Chapters or “suras”
• Written in Arabic
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Five Pillarsof Faith
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1. Shahadah: The Basic Creed
"I testify that there is none worthy of worship except God and I testify that Muhammad is the Messenger of God."
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2. Salat: Ritual Prayer
• Five times per day (dawn, high noon, afternoon, sunset, night)
• Called to prayer by Muezzin
• Face Mecca
• Cleanse, use prayer rug
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Kaaba
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3. Zakat: Almsgiving
• “Purification”
• 2.5% of income
• May sponsor a Hajj
• Seen as worship
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4. Sawm: Fasting
• Abstinence from food, drink, sexual intercourse from sunrise to sunset
• During holy month of Ramadan
• Sick, elderly, nursing mothers make up days later/feed the poor
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5. Hajj: Pilgrimage
• Holy pilgrimage to Mecca
• At least once in lifetime
• Rituals same as those during Muhammad’s lifetime
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Split Amongst Believers“Who would lead following the death of
Muhammad?”
Sunni• Abu Bakr (friend,
1st Caliph)
• Arab
• Strict interpretation of Qur’an
• 85% today
Shi’a• Ali (son-in-law =
Imam)
• Persian
• Revealed message through Imams
• 15% today
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Spread of Islam
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History700-900’s CE: Spread to North and West Africa
732 CE: Islam at furthest extent (stopped at Tours by Franks)
754 CE: Abbasid Caliphate (Baghdad)
928 CE: Umayyad Caliphate (Cordova)
1250 CE: Ayyubid Caliphate (Damascus)
1096-1453: Crusades (struggle over control of Jerusalem and Byzantine Empire)
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• 900’s CE: Seljik Turks convert to Islam (shifted power away from
caliph to sultan)
• Early 1300’s, Ottomans (Osman I)
• 1453: Take Constantinople
• d. 1566: Suleyman the Magnificent (invaded Europe, expanded navy)
Ottoman Empire
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Architecture Blue Mosque(Istanbul, Turkey) : 17th
Century
Alhambra(Grenada,
Spain) : c. 1350
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Taj Mahal (1648)India
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Contributions
• Surgery: cataracts, cesarean, plastic
• Math: Zero, Arabic numbers, decimal system
• Science: Pendulum, optics, chemistry, heliocentrism
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Ibn Sina
Canon of Medicine (1025 CE): surgical treatment of cancer, oral anesthetics, causes of disease, drug testing, diabetes
Ibn Battuta
Rihla or Journey (1354 CE): 20 years, 73,000 miles throughout Asia, North Africa, Middle East, Europe