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ISLAMIC HISTORYMuhammad to Modernity
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Chronology of Early Caliphs
• Muhammad: 570 to 632• Abu Bakr – 632 to 634
• 1st caliph & Muhammad’s father-in-law
• Elected caliph
• Umar – 634 to 644• Assassinated
• Uthman – 644 to 656• Published the Qur’an• Assassinated
• Ali – 656 to 661• Married to Fatimah• Assassinated
• Mu’awiya – 661 to 680• Part of Umaayad family• Accused Ali of Uthman’s
assassination • War Ali assassinated• Capitol goes to Damascus• “Umaayad Caliphate”
(661-750CE)• Causes Sunni/Shiite split
• Abu’ al-Abbas 750-754• Starts Abbasid caliphate
• Al-Mansur 754-775• Moves capitol to Baghdad
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Sunni/Shiite Split• Uthman is assassinated (656), Ali becomes caliph, Ali is
assassinated 5 years later.
• Debate is Over Authority to Interpret Qur’an and Sunna• Sunni Believe in the “Ulama” (religious scholars) and Caliphate• Shiite Believe in Ali and Ali’s Successors and Imamate
• Civil war (Mu’awiya vs. Ali) results in Ali’s assassination & establishment of the Umaayad Dynasty (the 1st “state”)
• At Ali’s Funeral
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Turks & Mongols• In 900’s, Turks appeared and started converting to Islam
• Turks overran Persia 1020-30 – Baghdad Fell in 1055(Abbasids become puppet regime)
• Turks Defended Islam During Crusades (1099-1187)
• Mongols Invade (1219-1295)• Chinggis Khan• Hulegu Khan Defeated the Abbasids in 1258• Ghazan Khan Converts (1295) and Establishes the Khanate• Rules mostly through Persian viziers
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Ottoman Empire (1299-1923)• Osman Rises to Power in 1299
• Expands & Defeats Constantinople in 1453. Istanbul Becomes the Ottoman Capitol
• Mehmet Works Out Compromise w/Orthodox Church(Christian religious autonomy for Ottoman political rule)
• Expansion and Dominance in 16th Century
• Stagnation and Political Westernization 17th-19th Century
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Western Imperialism and WW I• Britain Starts Colonizing North African and Middle East
in Late 19th Century
• WW I Destroys the Ottoman Empire(Ottoman secret treaty w/Germany against Russia)
• Launches a Period of Arab Nationalism (Islamic Brotherhood/backlash to secularism/British rule)
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WW II and Cold War Aftermath• Middle East / N. Africa fought over in WWII for oil
• Aftermath of WW II leads to
• U.N. and Establishment of Israel• End of European Imperialism and establishment of Arab national
states• Increase in Cold War tensions
(Eastern block, western block, and non-aligned nations)• Increasing economic power of Arab states due to OIL
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Israel• In aftermath of the holocaust, U.N. and England decide to
establish the state of Israel in British controlled Palestine.
• Intent is to
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Iran, the CIA, and the Hostage Crisis• Operation Ajax (1953)
• Shah of Iran (1954-1979)
• Hostage Crisis, Ayatollah Khoemeni, and the Islamic State
• Iraq and Saddam Hussein
• Iran Iraq War
• Current Tensions (Hezbollah, and Nuclear Weapons)
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Afghanistan and al-Qaeda• Nomadic/Tribal Muslims
• Soviet Invasion in 1980
• U.S. Trained and Supported Opposition
• Opposition Won and then Turned on U.S./West
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