Islamic Prelude to the European Medical RenaissanceHistory and Philosophy FacultySociety of Apothecaries
Harvey White 9 January 2016
JERUSALEM
600 CE Gregory 1st commissions pilgrim hospital
610 Temple of Mount (Al Aqsa) Muslim prayers
614 Heraclius retakes City 625 City falls to Sassanid Empire 636 Ulmar conquers City 1099 Taken by 1st Crusaders 1187 Saladin retakes City – Arabs
treat Crusaders
Al-Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount Jerusalem
KNIGHTS1023 CE Knights of St John (Hospitallers)
care of sick and injured pilgrimsreligious/military order defending Holy Land
1129 CE Knights Templarheadquarters on Temple Rock(since 610 CE centre for Muslim prayer) defence of Holy Land
(1392 Henry IV made pilgrimage after 9th Crusade)
Knights Hospitallers WardJerusalem
Knights Hospitallers Ward Rhodes
Rahere – died 1144 CE
Hospital of
St Bartholom
ew
St Bartholom
ew-the-Less
1123 CE
Mediaeval Infirmary
Emperor Constantine272-337 CE
Founded Constantinople 330 CE
Hagias Sofia dedicated 360 CE
GREECE
1,400 BCEMycenae 700 Cnidus 600 Kos
Hippocrates460-377 BCE
KOSAesculapian site
GRECO-ROMAN
Antyllus Sorenus Acron
Galen 130-201 CE
PERGAMUMGalen left for Rome in 162 CE
ROME
30 CE Celsus De re Medicine
129 Aretaeus Diabetes
325 Oribasius 70 Volumes
NESTORIUS
Archbishop of
Constantinople
428 CE
Church of St John, Ephesus (Archishop Memnon)
The Aegean in Classical Times
MONOPHYSITISM
MONOS PHYSISSINGLE NATURE
HERESY OF NESTORIUS
Theotakos = ‘bearer of GOD’Christakos = ‘bearer of CHRIST’=
Council of Ephesus 431CE
CYRILArchbishop
of Alexandria
412 CE
JOHNArchbishop of Antioch
429 CE
Law of unintended consequences
Nestorians journeyed East to the Sassanid Empire taking the Greek and Roman learning and texts with them
Schools of :- Edessa
Jundishapur Nisibis
Sassanid Empire224 - 651 CE
Eastern Trade and Conquestsfrom 3,000 BCE
Persia - Seleucid Empire Assurbanipal Tablets, Hammurabi’s
CodeIndia Vedic booksOrientNei Ch'ing, Emperor Huang Ti
IBAS Bishop of Edessa
435 – 457 CE
Supporter of
Nestorius
Nisibis School founded 326 CE
Bishop Jacob 309 CE
Supporter of
Nestorius
BORZUYA of
Gundishapur
Translated texts from Sanscrit
MUHAMMAD
570 – 632 CE
MUHAMMAD
570 CE Born in Mecca 595 Married 622 Left Mecca, marched to
Medina 624 Returned to Mecca with
followers from Medina 632 Died
ISLAM
SUBMISSION -
SURRENDER
GOD / MANKIND
ARAB CONQUESTSMECCA 630 CE CEUTA 711 CE
QUEEN KAHINAof the Berbers
Gibraltar
Tariq’s Mountain
EASTERN ARAB EMPIREHaroon Al Rashid 766 – 809 CE
RHAZES865 – 925 CE
Avicenna 980 – 1037 CE
East
RhazesContagious disease, ophthalmology, paediatrics, smallpox, measles. Books:-al-Hawi (Virtuous Life), Continens Liber, (30 Volumes).
Avicenna Quarantine, hygiene, sexually transmitted disease, tuberculosis, diabetes. Books:-Canon of Medicine, Book of healing.
WESTERN ARAB EMPIRE
Moors in Spain
ALBUCASIS 936 -1013 CE
ALBUCASIS936- 1013 CE
AVENZOAR1094 – 1162 CE
AVERROES1126 -1196
CE
MAIMMONIDES 1135 – 1204
CE
West Albucasis: childbirth, doctor-patient relationships Book:- Katib-al-Tasrif.Avenzoar rational basis of medicine, tracheotomy on goat Book:- Al-Taysir, therapeutics and diet.Averroes : Physician to Al-Mansur, ruler of Muslim Iberia Books:-Generalities (Colliget), compiled works of
Galen, Commentary on Avicenna’s Canon.Maimonides: Asthma, poisons, haemorrhoids, aphrodisiacs Book:- Wisdom of Maimonides
Toledo
School of TranslatorsGERARD OF CROMONA
1114 -1187 CE
ALFONSON X 1221 – 1284 CE
‘The wise’ , scholar who encouraged the translators‘
Reconquista790 – 1300
CE
Surrender at GRENADA 1492 CE
MORISCOS
Expulsion of
Moriscos
Bimaristans
Bimaristans
Universities
England:- Oxford 1167 CE
Cambridge 1209
Spain:- Salamanca 1218 Valladolid 1241 Murcia 1272 Alcala 1293 Barcelona 1456
Scotland:- St Andrews 1413
Dissemination of Arab Medicine
Extent of Arab influence 0 500 miles
Infrastructure of Healthcare
• Bimaristans (Hospitals)• Specialist Units• Medical records• Outreach home visits• Annual accreditation• Multi-ethnic; multi-denominational; poor
• Religious control minimum
Clinical Care
• Holistic mystical elements
• Plant, mineral, animal components
• Beginnings of evidence based medicine
• Simple surgery – instruments
• Animal experiments
RAHERE 1123 CEPriory Church of St. Bartholomew
m
Henry VIII Gate
St Bartholomew’s Hospital
