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International TrainingVeterinary Matters
Paula Boyden BVetMed MRCVS
Veterinary Director
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
BiosecurityBiosecurity
Population managementPopulation management
Duty of CareDuty of Care
Quality of lifeQuality of life
Stress managementStress management
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Biosecurity
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BIOSECURITYBIOSECURITY
Purpose:Purpose:
Minimise risk of infectionMinimise risk of infection
Minimise effects of an infectionMinimise effects of an infection
Factors Affecting Spread:Factors Affecting Spread:
IncubationIncubation
Excretion of infectionExcretion of infection
CarriersCarriers
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TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIONTRANSMISSION OF INFECTION
DirectDirect
IndirectIndirect
ZoonosisZoonosis
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Direct TransmissionDirect Transmission
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Indirect TransmissionIndirect Transmission
Floors/wallsFloors/walls
Bowls/blanketsBowls/blankets
AirAir
PeoplePeople
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ZoonosisZoonosis
What is a zoonosis?What is a zoonosis?
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How can we deal with the threat of disease?
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CleaningCleaning
www.disinfectants.defra.gov.ukwww.disinfectants.defra.gov.uk
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CLEANINGCLEANING
Remove all faecesRemove all faeces
Clean thoroughlyClean thoroughly
Pressure hosePressure hose
DisinfectDisinfect
Leave 20-30 minutesLeave 20-30 minutes
DryDry
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AIR MANAGEMENTAIR MANAGEMENT
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AIR MANAGEMENTAIR MANAGEMENT
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AIR MANAGEMENTAIR MANAGEMENT
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PEOPLEPEOPLE
Personal hygienePersonal hygiene
Hand washingHand washing
Personal gelsPersonal gels
clothingclothing
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How to Wash Your HandsHow to Wash Your Hands
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Rejects foreign cells e.g.Organ transplants
The Immune SystemDefends the body against Foreign (non self) antigens
Rejects and destroysabnormal cells e.g. cancer cells
Reactions to allergens e.gPollens, foods, drugs etc
Attacks body’s own cellsi.e. Autoimmune disease
FIGHTS INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS
ImmunityImmunity
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Types of ImmunityTypes of Immunity
In h erited A cq u ire d N a tu ra lly A cq u ire d A rtif ic ia lly
Im m u n ity
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Naturally Acquired ImmunityNaturally Acquired Immunity
ActiveActive
following infection following infection (antibodies & CMI)(antibodies & CMI)
PassivePassive
MDAMDA
via dam’s milk (90%)via dam’s milk (90%)
via placental transfervia placental transfer
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Artificially Acquired ImmunityArtificially Acquired Immunity
ActiveActivevaccine or toxoidvaccine or toxoid
PassivePassiveinjection of antibodies (antiserum)injection of antibodies (antiserum)
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Factors Affecting ImmunityFactors Affecting Immunity
• FeedingFeeding
• PregnancyPregnancy
• StressStress
• DrugsDrugs
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INFECTION & IMMUNITYINFECTION & IMMUNITY
ImmunityImmunity
InfectionInfection
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Infection and ImmunityInfection and Immunity
ImmunityImmunity
TimeTime
Low infectionlevels
InfectionInfection SymptomsSymptoms
ExcretionExcretionstartsstarts
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High and Low Levels of InfectionHigh and Low Levels of Infection
ImmunityImmunity
TimeTime
High infectionHigh infectionlevelslevels
Low infectionLow infectionlevelslevels
InfectionInfection
ExcretionExcretionstartsstarts
SymptomsSymptoms
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MATERNALLY DERIVED MATERNALLY DERIVED ANTIBODYANTIBODY
Weeks
MD
A
VaccinationVaccination
Low infectionLow infectionlevellevel
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MATERNALLY DERIVED MATERNALLY DERIVED ANTIBODYANTIBODY
Weeks
MD
A
VaccinationVaccination
High infectionHigh infectionlevelslevels
InfectionInfection
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Live VaccinesLive Vaccines
‘‘Better’ stimulation of Better’ stimulation of immune systemimmune system
V. rapid responseV. rapid response
More persistent level of More persistent level of immunityimmunity
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Killed VaccinesKilled Vaccines
Generally require two Generally require two injections for primary injections for primary coursecourse
Require more frequent Require more frequent boostersboosters
NB - both must pass the NB - both must pass the same safety testssame safety tests
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VaccinationVaccination
1
10000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
LiveLive
KilledKilled
Antibody Antibody titretitre
Age (weeks)Age (weeks)
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Other Disease Risks
Ticks: Ehrlichia, Babesia
Sandflies: Leishmania (care – zoonotic)
Mites: sarcoptes (fox mange) Zoonotic
Mites: Demodex. Not infectious
Fleas
Ringworm: Zoonotic
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MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
QuarantineQuarantine
IsolationIsolation
ProgressionProgression
SectioningSectioning
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Any Questions?Any Questions?
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WHY MANAGE STRAYS?WHY MANAGE STRAYS?
WelfareWelfareZoonoses:Zoonoses:
RabiesRabiesToxocara/EchinococcusToxocara/EchinococcusEnteric organismsEnteric organismsInsect borne organismsInsect borne organismsRingwormRingworm
Public nuisancePublic nuisance
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MEASURING NUMBERSMEASURING NUMBERS
MobilityMobility
Lack of individual identificationLack of individual identification
Catch/mark/releaseCatch/mark/release
CalculationCalculation
Alternatives Alternatives
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FACTORS AFFECTING NUMBERSFACTORS AFFECTING NUMBERS
FoodFood
WaterWater
Nesting spacesNesting spaces
Birth ratesBirth rates
DiseaseDisease
Mortality ratesMortality rates
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METHODS OF CONTROLMETHODS OF CONTROL
KillingKilling
SanctuarySanctuary
Trap/neuter/releaseTrap/neuter/release
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NEUTERINGNEUTERING
Benefit to individual:Benefit to individual:
Reproductive system diseaseReproductive system disease
NeoplasiaNeoplasia
BehaviourBehaviour
Population controlPopulation control
CostCost
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POPULATION DYNAMICSPOPULATION DYNAMICS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
8 pups/10yr 6 pups/10yr 6 pups/5yr 3 pups/5yr
Start
0%
70%
80%
90%
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MALE OR FEMALE?MALE OR FEMALE?
Males onlyMales onlyFirst year -First year - 10 male, 10 female, 20 dogs10 male, 10 female, 20 dogsResult:Result: 60 pups produced60 pups produced
Population 80 dogsPopulation 80 dogsNeuter 9 adult malesNeuter 9 adult males
Second year-Second year- 1 entire male, 9 neutered 1 entire male, 9 neutered males, 10 females, 60 pupsmales, 10 females, 60 pups
Result:Result: 60 more pups produced60 more pups producedPopulation 140 dogsPopulation 140 dogs1 very tired but happy male1 very tired but happy male
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MALE OR FEMALE?MALE OR FEMALE?
Females onlyFemales onlyFirst year -First year - 10 male, 10 female, 20 dogs10 male, 10 female, 20 dogsResult:Result: 60 pups produced60 pups produced
Population 80 dogsPopulation 80 dogsNeuter 9 adult femalesNeuter 9 adult females
Second year-Second year- 10 males, 9 neutered females, 10 males, 9 neutered females, 1 entire female, 6 pups1 entire female, 6 pups
Result:Result: 6 pups produced6 pups producedPopulation 86 dogsPopulation 86 dogs
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www.icawc.org/tnrwww.icawc.org/tnr
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Any Questions?Any Questions?
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DUTY OF CAREDUTY OF CARE
An animal’s needs:An animal’s needs:for a suitable environmentfor a suitable environmentfor a suitable dietfor a suitable dietto be able to exhibit normal behaviour to be able to exhibit normal behaviour
patternspatternsto be housed with, or apart from, to be housed with, or apart from,
other other animalsanimalsto be protected from pain, suffering, to be protected from pain, suffering,
injury and diseaseinjury and disease
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The Five FreedomsThe Five Freedoms
Freedom from hunger and thirstFreedom from hunger and thirst
Freedom from discomfortFreedom from discomfort
Freedom from pain, injury and diseaseFreedom from pain, injury and disease
Freedom to express normal behaviourFreedom to express normal behaviour
Freedom from fear and distressFreedom from fear and distress
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QUALITY OF LIFEQUALITY OF LIFE
Animal’s feelingsAnimal’s feelings
Relationship to welfareRelationship to welfare
Affected by:Affected by:
HousingHousing
ExerciseExercise
CompanionshipCompanionship
FeedingFeeding
MeasurementMeasurement
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Questions so far?Questions so far?
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STRESS MANAGEMENTSTRESS MANAGEMENT
Mental stimulationMental stimulation
Social interaction – humansSocial interaction – humans
ToysToys
DrugsDrugs
NutraceuticalsNutraceuticals
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SUMMARYSUMMARY
Biosecurity – down to youBiosecurity – down to you
Population management – down to Population management – down to
your relationshipsyour relationships
Duty of care – your managementDuty of care – your management
Quality of life – needs more workQuality of life – needs more work