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It’s Elemental
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Table of Contents It's Elemental
What is an Atom? Diagram of an Atom
Sizing Up AtomsDiscovering the Periodic Table
Periodic Table of Elements How to Read the Periodic Table
Discovering the AtomMetals & Non-Metals
Quiz: Name That Element * Molecules & Compounds
Physical Changes & Chemical Changes Atom Structures
Flash Cards: Memorize the Periodic Table Periodic Table of Elements: Blank
Certificate of Completion Answer Sheets
* Has an Answer Sheet
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What is an AtomPeople were thinking about atoms as early as 370
B.C.! A philosopher named Democritus believed that there must be an unbreakable particle that makes up all things. Not everyone agreed with him.
The word “atom” comes from the Greek word atomos, which means “indivisible.” This was the name Democritus gave to his theoretical particle.
In the 1800s scientists knew that there were certain substances, which we now call elements, that cannot be broken down into anything simpler.
Then, a scientist named John Dalton discovered that all elements are made up of tiny particles called at- oms.
As it turns out, atoms can also be broken down into smaller pieces. However, if you divide an atom of hy- drogen, it won’t be hydrogen any more.
This means that an atom is the smallest particle of a substance that has the same qualities of that sub- stance.
Atoms are also made up of even smaller particles. These are known as sub-atomic particles, or protons, neutrons and electrons.
Painting of Democritus
Painting of John Dalton
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Diagram of an Atom
Protons : have a positive electrical charge. Electrons : have a negative electrical charge. Neutrons : are neutral.Nucleus : is at the center of the atom. It is where the protons and neutrons are. The electrons swirl around the nucleus. Most of the atom’s mass is in the nucleus.
Diagram of a Helium Atom
protons
neutrons
electrons
nucleus
Protons and electrons are attracted to each other, but protons repel protons and electrons repel electrons. All atoms have an equal number of protons and electrons. If an atom loses or gains an electron, then it becomes an ion. An ion is an electri- cally charged atom.
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Try This
1. Get a balloon and rub it on your hair or clothes. The electrons from your hair or clothes will attach to the balloon and give it a negative (-) charge.
2. When the balloon is near the water the electrons on the negatively charged bal- loon move away from it. What is left is a positive(+) area of water near the balloon.
3. The positively-charged area of water and the negatively-charged balloon attract!
(-)
(+)
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Sizing Up Atom
An atom is so small that
along the width of your hair.
If an electron weighed the same as a dime, a proton would weigh the same as a gallon of milk!
its electrons would be a foot-
electron
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Discovering the Periodic Table
By the late 1800s scientists had discoveredand named most of the elements, but they did not understand the elements or their behavior. An important discovery by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev showed that when you arrange the elements in rows and columns you can see the similarities between them. His discovery proved that the elements repeat certain characteristics at regular intervals, or periodically.
Example: look at the far left column of the table. Lithium, sodium and potassium line up vertically, and they are all very similar metals. They are soft, lowin density and solid at room temperature. They also have very similar reactions with other substances.
Photograph of Dmitri Mendeleev
+
36.941
LiLithium
1122.98977
NaSodium
1939.0983
KPotassium
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Nob
le G
ase
s
Hal
ogen
sNon-Metals
Metalloids
Periodic Table of ElementsAtomic Number
Atomic Mass
Symbol
Name
11.00794
HHydrogen
36.941
LiLithium
1122.98977
NaSodium
49.012182
BeBeryllium
1224.3050
MgMagnesium
Actinides5
10.811
BBoron
1326.98154
AlAluminum
612.0107
CCarbon
1428.0855
SiSilicon
714.0067
NNitrogen
1530.97376
PPhosphorus
815.9994
OOxygen
1632.065
SSulfur
918.99840
FFlourine
1735.453
ClChlorine
24.002602
HeHelium
1020.1797
NeNeon
1839.948
ArArgon
1939.0983
KPotassium
3785.4678
RbRubidium
55
2040.078
CaCalcium
3887.62
SrStrontium
56
2144.9559
ScScandium
3988.9059
YYttrium
71
2247.867
TiTitanium
4091.224
ZrZirconium
72
2350.9415
VVanadium
4192.9064
NbNiobium
73
2451.9961
CrChromium
4295.96
MoMolybdenum
74
2554.938
MnManganese
43(97.9072)
TcTechnetium
75
2655.845
FeIron
44101.07
RuRuthenium
76
2758.9332
CoCobalt
45102.9055
RhScandium
77
2858.6934
NiNickel
46106.42
PdPalladium
78
2963.546
CuCopper
47107.8682
AgSilver
79
3065.38
ZnZinc
48112.411
CdCadmium
80
3169.723
GaGallium
49114.818
InIndium
81
3272.64
GeGermanium
50118.710
SnTin
82
3374.9216
AsArsenic
51121.760
SbAntimony
83
3478.96
SeSelenium
52127.60
TeTellurium
84
3579.904
BrBromine
53126.9045
IIodine
85
3683.798
KKrypton
54131.293
XeXenon
86132.9055 137.327 174.9668 178.49 180.9479 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.084 196.9666 200.59 204.3833 207.2 209.9804 (208.982) (209.987) 222.0176
CsCaesium
87(223)
Fr
BaBarium
88(226)
Ra
LuLutetium
103(262)
Lr
HfHafnium
104(261)
Rf
TaTantalum
105(262)
Db
WTungsten
106(266)
Sg
ReRhenium
107(264)
Bh
OsOsmium
108(277)
Hs
IrIridium
109(268)
Mt
PtPlatinum
110(271)
Ds
AuGold
111(272)
Rg
HgMercury
112(285)
Cp
TlThallium
113(284)
Uut
PbLead114
(289)
Fl
BiBismuth
115(288)
Uup
PoPolonium
AtAstatine
RnRadon
Francium Radium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicum Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium
57138.9055
La58
140.116
Ce59
140.9077
Pr60
144.242
Nd61
(145)
Pm62
150.36
Sm63
151.964
Eu64
157.25
Gd65
158.9254
Tb66
162.5
Dy67
164.9303
Ho68
167.259
Er69
168.9342
Tm70
173.054
YbLanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102(227) 232.0381 231.0359 238.0289 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259)
AcActinium
ThThorium
PaProtactinium
UUranium
NpNeptunium
PuPlutonium
AmAmericium
CmCurium
BkBerkelium
CfCalifornium
EsEinsteinium
FmFermium
MdMendelevium
NoNobelium
11.00794
HHydrogen A
lkal
i Met
als
Alk
alin
e E
arth
M
etal
s
Transition Metals
Lanthanides
Cop
yrig
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2013
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How to Read the Periodic Table
The periodic table is a graphic representation of all the known elements. It is designed to give as much important information as possible in as little space as possible and to show the relationships between the elements.
How to Read the Hydrogen Atom
1 Atomic NumberThe number of protons
Atomic Mass 1.00794 in the nucleus The average mass of
the atoms in the
Helement SymbolThe one or two letterabbreviation for the
Name Hydrogen element
Usually derived from aGreek or Latin root
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Discovering the Atom
In the 1920s a Danish scientist named Niels Bohr expanded our understanding of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table. He believed that there was one reason why elements had distinctive properties and could combine with other elements in distinct ways – the number of electrons in an atom of the element.
Scientists already knew that the atoms of each element have a certain number of electrons. They assigned each element a
electrons and protons in that element’s atom.
Bohr took that idea one step further. He said that the electrons arranged themselves in “shells,” or energy levels around the nucleus. He also believed these shells had a pattern.
Mendeleev’s idea of what Lithium looked like
Bohr’s idea of what Lithium looked like
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Discovering the Atom
We can see an example of Bohr’s pattern by looking at atoms of lithium, sodium and potassium, which line up vertically on the periodic table.
3Element 3 Lithiumshell 1: 2 electronsshell 2: 1 electron
Element 11 Sodiumshell 1: 2 electronsshell 2: 8 electronsshell 3: 1 electron
Element 19 Potassium 11shell 1: 2 electronsshell 2: 8 electronsshell 3: 8 electronsshell 4: 1 electron
What do you notice about this pattern?
All the elements have just one electron in their outermost shell. All the elements have two electrons in their inner most shells.
19Bohr thought that the electrons in theoutermost shell were the ones that deter- mined the properties of the atom.
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Metals & Non-Metals
The periodic table of the elements is separated into two basic categories: metals and non-metals. The majority of the elements are metals, and they all share many com- mon characteristics.
Take a look at the non-metal elements in the periodic table. Do they have anything in common? Some are gasses, and some are not. Think about how metals differ from non-metals. Write out as many unique properties of metal as you can.
Some metals, such as aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and gold (Au), are pure elements; others, such as steel and brass, are composed of a combination of elemental metals. These are called alloys.
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Metals &Non-MetalsAnswers:The Properties of Metals
Most metals are solid at room temperature.
Metals are ductile. This means that they can be stretched—that’s how we can make wires!
Metals are conductive.- This means that electricity and heat can travel through them very easily Some metals are better conductors than others.
Metals are shiny and often reflective.
Metals are malleable. This means that they can be bent and molded into different shapes.
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Quiz:Name That Element
Use the periodic table of the elements to name each element below.
#23:
#14:
#83:
Mn:
H:
Ne:
How many protons doesaluminum have?
Which element has 47 protons?
Some of the element abbreviations are based on the Latin names of the element. For example, Fe is short for ferrum, Cu is short for cuprum, Ag is short for argentum
elements.
Ferrum :
Cuprum:
Argentum:
Aurum:
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Molecules & Compound
Atoms are the tiny building blocks that make up all matter. Individually, they aren’t much good. When atoms join together, they are called molecules.
For example, the oxygen we breathe is not single atoms of oxygen; they’re actu- ally combined molecules of two oxygen atoms.
Add one more oxygen atom to the O2
molecule, and you have ozone, or O3 .
When molecules of different elements join together, they are called compounds. One compound that you may already know is H2O, the chemical compound for water.
Breathable Oxygen Molecule
O O
Ozone Molecule
O O O
Water Molecule
H
O O
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Molecules & Compounds
Name any other chemical compounds that you know, and draw their diagrams below.To draw a diagram use circles with the elements symbols in them and use lines to show where the elements attach to become a molecule.
Carbon Dioxide Molecule CO2
C
O O
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Physical Changes
Chemical ChangesAll matter changes. All substances can undergo a physical change, meaning that
the appearance changes, but the chemical makeup of the substance remains the same. All substances can also undergo a chemical change, meaning that the atoms and molecules of the substance is being changed. Though all the originalatoms are still there, the molecules will have changed into something different. Think of different examples of each and write them in their column.
ice melting saw a piece of wood in half
burning a piece of wood metal rusting
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Atom Structures
The number of neutrons in an element is not listed anywhere on the periodic table.
The atomic mass of an element is the average of all naturally occurring isotopes. Since electrons weigh almost nothing compared to protons and neutrons (which weigh the same) the atomic mass can be assumed to be the weight of all the protons and neutrons in an atom. The weight of a proton and neutron in all elements is one.
From this all we have to do is round the atomic mass of each element to the nearest whole number and subtract the atomic number (the number of protons in the ele-
For example: Hydrogen’s atomic number is 1, its atomic weight is 1.00794, which we round down to 1. 1-1=0. Hydrogen has no neutrons.
Use your math skills to answer the questions on the following page.
11.00794
HHydrogen
1 (rounded atomic mass) -1(atomic number) = 0 neutrons
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Atom Structures
Problems Sheet
How many neutrons are in carbon?
Name the element that has 8 neutrons.
How many neutrons does gold have?
If an elements atomic mass is 70 and it has 39 neutrons, how many protons does it have? What element is this?
How many neutrons does radon have?
Name three elements that have the same amount of neutrons and protons.
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36.941
LiLithium
49.012182
BeBeryllium
510.811
BBoron
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FlashCards
memorize the periodic table
11.00794
HHydrogen
24.002602
HeHelium
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612.0107
CCarbon
714.0067
NNitrogen
815.9994
OOxygen
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918.99840
FFlourine
1020.1797
NeNeon
1122.98977
NaSodium
1224.3050
MgMagnesium
1326.98154
AlAluminum
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1428.0855
SiSilicon
1530.97376
PPhosphorus
1632.065
SSulfur
1735.453
ClChlorine
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2858.6934
NiNickel
1839.948
ArArgon
1939.0983
KPotassium
2040.078
CaCalcium
2247.867
TiTitanium
2655.845
FeIron
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2758.9332
CoCobalt
2963.546
CuCopper
3065.38
ZnZinc
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Periodic Table of ElementsUse light-colored markers to color in the different sections of the periodic table and then write in the element symbol
All R
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