Download - It’s OK to Copy - What You Must Know
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IT’S OK TO COPY
WHAT YOU MUST KNOW ABOUT USING IDEAS
THAT CAN BE FOUND ELSEWHERE
DEFENSIVE WRITING (Part 1)
Version 2 completed 05 Nov 2013
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CONTENTS
Introduction
• If You Didn’t Copy
• What’s Plagiarism
• Defensive Writing
• Borrowed Ideas
Five Protections
• How to Quote
• How to Paraphrase
• How to Cite
• How to Reference
• Original Ideas
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EVEN IF YOU DIDN’T COPYINTRODUCTION
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It’s OK to Copy
But you must do it the right way
• The wrong way of copying is called plagiarism
• Plagiarism is unacceptable
• Plagiarism is punishable
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IT’S OK TO COPY WHEN...
You use the exact words and word arrangement
–Enclose in quote marks
–Use a citation each time,
–Use a reference for each source
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IT’S OK TO COPY WHEN (2)
You change the words and word arrangement
–Don’t enclose in quote marks
–Use a citation each time,
–Use a reference for each source
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Even if You Didn’t Copy
If an idea in your paper can be found somewhere else (even if it came from your own brain), your idea is a copy.
• It is not original.
• No excuses, no exceptions.
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Even if You Didn’t Copy
• This presentation will show you how to protect yourself from any possible punishment.
• This is called “defensive writing”
Logo courtesy of (www.aperfectworld.org)
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WHAT EXACTLY IS PLAGIARISM?NEXT
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What Exactly is Plagiarism (1)
You use someone’s exact words and word arrangement but
• Not enclosed in quote marks
• Incorrect or no citation each time,
• Incorrect or no reference for each source
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What Exactly is Plagiarism (2)
You changed the words and word arrangement but
• Incorrect or no citation each time,
• Incorrect or no reference for each source
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What Exactly is Plagiarism (3)
You change the arrangement of words but
• Incorrect or no citation each time,
• Incorrect or no reference for each source
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What Exactly is Plagiarism (4)
You changed all or some of the wordsbut
• Incorrect or no citation each time,
• Incorrect or no reference for each source
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It’s not only words
The term “ideas” refers to
• words, images, sounds
• or any combination thereof
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It’s not only words
The term “ideas” also refers to the way the words, images, sounds are
• arranged
• combined
• used
• produced
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HOW TO WRITE DEFENSIVELYWRITER PROTECTION
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Defensive Writing 1
• After your first complete draft, Google your key ideas to see if these can be found elsewhere.
• If not, no problem.
• If so, attribute.
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Defensive Writing 2
Attribution means to indicate where an idea comes from by using citations and referencesin your writing.
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Defensive Writing 3
If you find ideas that are the same as or similar toyours, cite them to support your ideas.
This can create stronger arguments and more convincing ideas.
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Defensive Writing 4
If you find ideas that are opposite or contrary to yours, cite them to balance your ideas.
This can add objectivity to – and lessen bias in – your writing.
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Defensive Writing 5
If you find ideas that are related to your ideas, cite them to add details to your writing.
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Defensive Writing 6
When you find ideas in unrelated works, clearly connect and cite them in your writing.
This can introduce scope and breadth to your work.
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Defensive Writing 7
Attribute correctly; use the attribution style preferred by your school, organization, or publisher.
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BORROWED & ORIGINAL IDEASDEFENSIVE WRITING
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The Ethics of Borrowing
• When you borrow something, you must first ask permission
• If you borrow something, you must return it.
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Borrowing Ideas
When it’s not possible ask permission to borrow ideas for your paper but:
• You can say where it can be found
• You can say who owns it or
• You can say who created it.
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Borrowing Ideas
Say where published, when published, and who published it.
• Transparency: That makes it easier for others to find.
• Full disclosure: This shows that you’re not hiding anything.
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Returning Borrowed Ideas
You can’t return ideas in research-based writing but:
• When you use exact words and structures, you can clearly indicate that these are from someone else
• You can show the reader exactly how to return to the source of your borrowed ideas
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Mixing Ideas
When you mix your own ideas with borrowed ideas, you can clearly indicate which ideas belong to someone and which ideas are yours.
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Mixing Ideas
You can mix clearly & correctly by:
• paraphrasing
• quoting
• citation
• referencing
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Mixing Ideas
You can mix borrowed and original ideas smoothly by:
• integrating sources and
• integrating sourced ideas
–Quotes
–Paraphrases Logo courtesy of (www.aperfectworld.org)
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Lending Ideas
When publishing your work, show others how to use your ideas by:
• Including an example of how your work can be cited in different ways
• Including an example of how your work can be listed as a reference
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Lending Ideas
You can include examples for each attribution style such as:
• APA
• Chicago
• Turabian
• MLA
• Harvard
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation Logo courtesy of (www.aperfectworld.org)
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FIVE PROTECTIVE DEVICES
Image courtesy of (www.fullsailblog.com)
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1. THE QUOTEWHEN BORROWING EXACT WORDS & STRUCTURES
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Definition: The Quote
A quote is the exact words and exact arrangement of words taken from a source
• Exact words
• Exact sentence structure
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Rules: The Quote
• Exact words
• Exact sentence structure / arrangement of words
• Should be enclosed in quote marks “…”
• Any removed words should be replaced by three dots …
• A citation should be used each time
• A reference should show each source
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2. THE PARAPHRASEWHEN BORROWING IDEAS
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Definition: The Paraphrase
A paraphrase is the exact idea taken from a source, but using different words, and different arrangement of words
• Same idea
• Different words
• Different sentence structure
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Rules: The Paraphrase
• Exact ideas, different words
• Different sentence structure / arrangement of words
• No quote marks
• A citation should show the source of each paraphrase
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3. THE CITATIONINDICATING CREATORS AND PUBLISHERS OF IDEAS
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Definition: The Citation
• Open parenthesis (
• Last name of author Smith
• Comma ,
• year of publication 2009
• close parentheses )
Example: (Smith, 2009)
• Located in the text, near the quote or paraphrase
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Rules: The Citation
• Each borrowed idea should have a citation
• Use author last name only in the citation
• The full stop is after the close parenthesis.
There were times in the past when life in Malaysia was not only difficult but also dangerous (Buruhanudeen, 1997).
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Rules: The Citation
• If there is no author, use company or organization name
(Albukhary Foundation, 1992)
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Rules: The Citation
• If there is no company or organization name, use Anon. which means anonymous
(Anon., 1992)
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Rules: The Citation
• A comma separates the author and the date
(Anon., 1992)
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Rules: The Citation
• Each citation should have a year
• If there is no year, use n.d. which means no date
(Buruhanudeen, n. d.)
The reference is a complete version of the citation.
Buruhanudeen, n. d. My Secret Life. AiU Press, Malaysia. Online at www.faris.com
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Rules: The Citation
• A comma separates the author and the date
(Anon., 1992)
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Rules: The Citation
• A comma separates many authors of one document.
(Cruz, Abu, and Montri, 1992)
• The last name is preceded by and.
(Cruz, Abu, and Montri, 1992)
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Rules: The Citation
• If there are more than three authors, use the first author, followed by et. al. (Latin for et alia = “and others”)
(Abu, et. al., 1992)
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Rules: The Citation
• A comma shows that the names are in a different order:
Martin Abu = Abu, Martin
• Use the complete last name and the first letter of the first name.
(Abu, M., 1992)
• The full-stop means the first name is shortened to one letter.
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Rules: The Citation
• A comma separates many authors of one document.
(Abu, M., and Montri, J. 1992)
(Cruz, B., Abu, M., and Montri, J., 1992)
• The last name is preceded by and.
(Cruz, B., Abu, M., and Montri, J., 1992)
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Rules: The Citation• If there are more than three authors, use the
first author, followed by et. al. (Latin for et alia = “and others”)
(Buruhanudeen, F., et. al., 1992)
The reference is a complete version of the citation: all authors are listed, no “et. al.”
Buruhanudeen, F., Cruz, B., Abu, M., and Montri, J., (1992) My Secret Life. AiU Press, Malaysia. Online at www.faris.com
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4. THE REFERENCE LISTINDICATING EXATCLY WHERE IDEAS CAN BE FOUND
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The Reference List
• Complete citation: Author name, year, title, publisher, city of publisher, website
• Even better: DOI, live web link
• Located: at the end of the document
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The Reference List
• Each citation has one reference; each reference is related to a citation
• The list is arranged alphabetically
• The list is titled List of References or References
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QUOTES & CITATIONS ESTABLISHED CONVENTIONS OF USING
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Quote & Citation #1
• The exact words are inside quote marks.
• The full-stop is after the citation.
“There were times in the past when life in Malaysia was not only difficult but also dangerous” (Buruhanudeen, M., 1997).
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Quote & Citation #2
• Only the date is in the parenthesis.
• The date follows the author name.
• The first name initial is not used.
“There were times in the past when life in Malaysia was not only difficult but also dangerous” says Buruhanudeen (1997).
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Quote & Citation #3
• Only the date is in the parenthesis.
• The date follows the author name.
• The first name initial is not used.
According to Buruhanudeen(1997), “There were times in the past when life in Malaysia was not only difficult but also dangerous.”
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QUOTES & CITATIONS (TWO AUTHORS) ESTABLISHED CONVENTIONS OF USING
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Quote & Citation #1
• The exact words are inside quote marks.
• The full-stop is after the citation.
“There were times in the past when life in Malaysia was not only difficult but also dangerous” (Buruhanudeen, F., and Ssemudu, I., 1997).
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Quote & Citation #2
• Only the date is in the parenthesis.
• The date follows the author name.
• The first name initials are not used.
“There were times in the past when life in Malaysia was not only difficult but also dangerous” says Buruhanudeen and Ssemudu (1997).
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Quote & Citation #3
• Only the date is in the parenthesis.
• The date follows the author name.
• The first name initials are not used.
According to Buruhanudeen and Ssemudu(1997), “There were times in the past when life in Malaysia was not only difficult but also dangerous.”
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FOR MORE INFORMATION
Search using the following keywords
• citation, reference, __ style, cheatsheet
Add any of these
• filetype:pdf
• filetype:ppt
• filetype:doc
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5. ORIGINALITY OF IDEAHOW TO ACCURATELY IDENTIFY
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IDEAS (It’s not only words)
Ideas come in different forms, such as:
• Words or arrangement of words
• Images or arrangement of images
• Sounds or arrangement of sounds
• Colors, patterns
• Objects, feelings
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BORROWED IDEAS
A borrowed idea is not original. This includes:
• Any idea that did not come from your own senses
• Any idea that can be found in any source, such as the internet
• Any idea that you did not experience by yourself
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ORIGINAL IDEAS
An idea that comes from your own thinking can be original. However, it is not original when:
• Someone else thought of it before you did
• It can be found in any source
• It is based on ideas with sources that you have forgotten
• Most of it is similar to someone else’s ideas
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ORIGINAL IDEAS
An idea that comes from your own thinking can be considered as original when:
• It is a new idea formed by combining the ideas of others (synthesis)
• It is a new idea formed by changing the ideas of others (modification)
• There is no proof that someone else thought of it before you did
• Nothing exactly like it can be found in any source
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DOCUMENTATION
All borrowed ideas should be cited and referenced. This is called “attribution”
You must attribute ideas that you use in your writing if they are:
• Borrowed
• Similar
• Add related details
• Opposing
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END OF PRESENTATION
Email comments or corrections to [email protected]
“It’s OK to Copy” by Syed Muhammad Faris bin Syed Buruhanudeen and Jaime Alfredo Cabrera, 03 July 2013, Albukhary International University, Alor Setar, Malaysia.
Version 2 completed 05 Nov 2013