© ABB Group March 20, 2012 | Slide 1
Smart Substation AutomationSET-1520 Sähköenergiatekniikan uudet sovellukset – Smart Grids
Jani Valtari, ABB Oy Distribution Automation, 22.3.2012
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Content
BackgroundDistribution automation and component lifecyclesClimate change and EU’s 20-20-20The market situation and technological advances
New requirements for substation automationAdvanced fault managementEfficient operation of the network, asset managementFuture-proof technologies, upgradeabilityLow life cycle costs
Architecture possibilities and building blocksCentralized protectionIEC61850 -standardBenefits of centralizationRe-allocating substation functionality
Summary
BackgroundDistribution automation and component lifecycles
Primary components long lifecycle, 30-50 years
Secondary components shorter lifecycle, but still quite long (~20 years)
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Laine: Sähkönjakeluverkonkomponenttien pitoajat, 2005 (MSc Thesis)
BackgroundClimate change and EU’s 20-20-20
Reduction of CO2 emissions needed (EU target 20%)
Other EU targets: 20% more renewables, 20% increase in efficiency
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World Energy Outlook 2009, IEA
BackgroundThe market situation and technological advances
Larger players in the distribution business
Somewhat in Finland (regulation limits the size of companies) but even more in other countries
Rapid growth in Far East, reconstruction in developed countries
Strong need to improve processes increase of automation
Technological advances facilitate operating larger networks (ICT)
Regulation emphasizes power quality and security of supply
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BackgroundElectricity demand rising twice as fast as other demand
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China
105% 195%
India
126% 282%
Europe and North America11% 31%
M. East and Africa
73% 131%Growth in primary energy demand
Growth in electricity demand
IEA forecast 2006-30
Adding 1 GW power plant and all related electric grid infrastructureevery week for the next 20 years
New requirements for substation automationAdvanced fault management
Automatic Fault Location, Isolation and power Restoration (FLIR)
First from Network Control Center, soon directly from substations?
Protection divided to smaller zones
Affect of DG to protection
Adaptive protection,recalculation of settings
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New requirements for substation automationEfficient operation of the network, asset management
Demand response - keeping the power balance in the network (load shedding)
Earlier in transmission networks, coming to distribution and low voltage networks too
Asset management
More information from network components needed, pre-processing already in the substation
Substation automation only 1-2% of the asset value of the whole network, but big impact on the efficiency
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Jeromin: Life cycle cost analysis of transmission and distribution networks, 2009, CIRED
New requirements for substation automationFuture-proof technologies, upgradeability
Functional lifecycle getting shorter than physical lifecycle
More frequent upgrades needed
Basic functionality must still remain robust
Testing and verification important
Multi-vendor platforms
Open/standard interfaces
Cyber security
Now between devices, later within one device?
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Johnson et al: Standard platform for integrated soft protection and control, 2010, ISGT
New requirements for substation automationLow life cycle costs
Challenge for the future – how to adapt to future requirements and take full benefit of new technologies/inventions, but still keep overall life cycle costs on low level?
Cost factors
Installation and commission costs
Upgrade and renewal costs
Maintenance and operation costs
Benefit of the increased reliability and efficiency (largest effect in the long run)
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Architecture possibilities and building blocks
Traditionally the protection functionality has been ‘decentralized’ to bay level devices, new possibilities now to centralize functionalityAlso ‘decentralizing’ functionality from network control center
1. Decentralized 2. Centralized 3. Combined
Architecture possibilities and building blocksCentralized protection
Primary time critical protection in bay level devices Advanced and/or backup protection and monitoring in Station Computer
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Architecture possibilities and building blocksIEC 61850 standard
Importance steadily increasing
Now the de-facto standard in substation automation, usage spreading also outside substation
Edition 1 – ‘Substation automation’, Edition 2 – ‘Power utility automation’
Holistic approach
Modeling of devices
Communication
Engineering processes and tools
etc.
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Physical Device
(network address)
Logical Device
(IED1)
LN2 (PTOC)LN1 (XCBR)
Pos Op
gen. qstVal q
Physical Device
Logical Device
(1 to n)
Logical Node
(1 to n)
Data Class
Data
Architecture possibilities and building blocksIEC 61850 standard - modeling
Architecture possibilities and building blocksIEC 61850 standard – horizontal comm. (Goose)
GOOSE
Process Interface Process Interface Process Interface
ProtectionControlControl &Protection ProtectionControl
Switch
GOOSE
Process Interface Process Interface Process Interface
ProtectionControlControl &Protection ProtectionControl
Switch
More inputs / outputs without additional hardwareAutomatic supervisionHigh performanceFlexibility and expandability
Architecture possibilities and building blocksIEC 61850 standard – process bus
A method for transmitting sampled measurements from transducers such as CTs, VTs, and digital I/OEnables sharing of I/O signals among IEDsEnables dedicated sensor devices (Merging Units)Ethernet based (like Goose)
CTs/VTs
IEC 61850-9-2Process bus
IEC 61850-8-1
Remote
BIOs
SampledValues
IED IED
Architecture possibilities and building blocksIEC 61850 standard – engineering processes
XML based configuration language (SCL, Substation Configuration Language)
Different file types/extensions for different parts of the engineering process
Device level
System level
Visualization
Communication IF
Specifications
Change mgmt
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IEC 61850-6, Edition 2, 2009
Architecture possibilities and building blocksBenefits of centralization
Simplification of bay level devices maintain long lifecycle and stable operation with most critical functions
Easy to take new advanced and value added functionality into use in station level
Maintain life cycle costs on good level
Standard access to process data
Multi-vendor platforms
Research collaboration
New functions utilizingstation level measurements
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Valtari: Increasing Cost-Efficiency of Substation Automation Systems by Centralised Protection Functions, 2009, CIRED
Architecture possibilities and building blocksRe-allocating substation functionality
When it is possible to divide functionality to both bay level and station level devices, how should this be done?
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Critical functions Value-added functionsCritical functions Value-added functions
Unit level mandatory functions
Unit level optional functions
Station level optional functions
Station level mandatory functions
Location
Location
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Architecture possibilities and building blocksRe-allocating substation functionality - communication
If the functionality requires communication, a station levelimplementation would be beneficial
Protection functionality suitable for the station levelAdvanced directional earth-fault and overcurrent protectionBusbar protection based on blockings
Control functionality suitable for the station levelInterlocking
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Architecture possibilities and building blocksRe-allocating substation functionality – response time
If the functionality requires fast response times, it shouldreside close to the process
Fast response time functionsProtection against faults with high fault current magnitude (overcurrent, earth-fault, differential)Control: circuit breaker operationSelf-supervision: breaker failure
Slow response time functionsProtection: overload, phase discontinuityControl: disconnector operation, slow-speed auto-reclosureMonitoring: circuit breaker condition, PQ, disturbance recorderSupervision: IED self-supervision, CT/VT circuit supervision
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Architecture possibilities and building blocksRe-allocating substation functionality - utilization
Functions with high utilization frequencyshould remain on the unit level
Most common faults from outage statisticsFunctional specifications of low end P&C IEDsCommon, ‘widespread’ functions should remain on the unit level
Protection: overcurrent and earth-faultControl: circuit breaker operationMonitoring: event logsSupervision: IED self-supervision
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Architecture possibilities and building blocksRe-allocating substation functionality - stability
Self-healing networks: fault location, post-fault energy restoration, dynamic reconfiguration of network topologyCondition monitoring and asset managementProtection against faults with low fault current magnitude, e.g. HIFProtection adaptation to active resources (DG, EV, energy storages)
Functions where updates are expected in the near futureshould be moved to the station level
Many active research topicsFast utilization of new findings is cheaper and easier on the station levelChanging, ‘immature’ functions should be implemented on the station level
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Summary
CO2 emissions need to be reduced, although electrical energy demand is expected to grow
Efficiency and level of automation needs to be improved
New requirements for substation automation needs to be fulfilled, but the lifecycle costs must be kept on good level
Physical lifetime of devices must stay long, although “functional lifecycle” is expected to get shorter
New technologies and architectures needed for substation automation
Centralization of substation functionality possible the futureIEC 61850 standard allows standard interfaces between devices and systemsEthernet and PC technologies coming to substation automation
Utilizing station level data processing makes new categorization of substation automation functionality possible
Maintain long lifecycle of bay level devices, new features updated to station PC
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