Jeremy BirdMarrakech, 29 September 2016
Adapt and Mitigate: Examples from IWMI’s work on water related climate challenges in Africa
Ø 62%ofpopulationinSSAisreliantonagriculturefortheirlivelihoods
Ø ~ 80%aresmallholdersandalargeproportionwomenduetourbanmalemigration
Ø Productioniscurrentlylow,dependentonvariablerainfallleadingtohighlevelsofvulnerability(e.g.80%inWestAfrica)
Ø Landdegradationissignificantcompromisingfutureproductivecapacityandecosystemservices
Ø InvestmentinagriculturecanaddressmultipleSDGs(food,nutrition,poverty,etc.)
Agriculturallivelihoodsandclimatechange
Ø Adaptationwillbringimmediatebenefitsandreducetheimpactsofclimatechange
Ø Adaptationisfundamentallyaboutriskmanagement
Ø Adaptationexperience inAfricaisgrowing
Ø Africastandstobenefitfromintegrated climateadaptation,mitigationanddevelopmentapproaches
Ø Internationalcooperationisvital
AdaptationfocusofIPCC
Source:IPCCAR5
Towardsclimateandwatersmartagriculture
Ø Encourage productivity increases and multiple cropping
Ø Redress land degradation and lost fertility
Ø Requires a landscape (watershed) approach
Movingalongthepathwayfromrainfed toirrigated
Source:McCartney&Smakhtin2010
Considerallformsofstoragetoincreaseresilience
Smallreservoirscanincreaseresilience–havemultipleuses
ØGroundwaterreservesinAfricaare20timesstorageinlakes
Ø Pumpscouldbenefit185millionpeoplewithUSD22bnvalue
ØButknowledgebaseandmeansofaccesslacking
ØHowsustainable?
SignificantgroundwaterpotentialexistsinAfrica
Tanzania– frombuckettopump– facilitatingentryintotheirrigationmarket
Scopefornewtechnology
WettingFrontDetector(productivityandefficiency)
SolarPumps(accessandmitigationpotential)
Photocredit:PetraSchmitter/IWMI.
Improvedlivelihoods– morethanjustwater
§ Insub-SaharanAfricamorethan60%ofallfemaleemploymentisinagriculture.
§ yetwomenlackaccesstofinance,inputs,extensionservicesandinformation
§ lessthan5%ofmotorpumpownersarefemale
§ Urbanmalemigrationandageingpopulationisleadingtothefeminizationofsmallholderagriculture
ImportanceoftargetingwomeninAWMsolutions
Nutritionbenefitsofsmallscaleirrigation
Ethiopia Tanzania
Non-irrigatorsn=185
Irrigatorsn=284
Non-irrigatorsn=224
Irrigatorsn=227
Mean Mean Mean MeanHouseholdfoodinsecurityaccessscale,0-27[highermeansworse]
5.78 4.04 3.92 2.58
Femaledietarydiversityscore:numberofcategoriesconsumed
3.69 3.58 3.71 4.20
Householddietarydiversity:numberoffoodcategoriesconsumed
5.69 6.06 4.88 5.63
Source: IFPRI, statisticallysignificantchangesinred )
1. GroundwaterandFoodSecurity
2. GroundwaterforSustainableDevelopment
3. Groundwater,WaterSecurityandClimateChangeAdaptation
4. GroundwaterandEnergy
5. TransboundaryAquifers
6. GroundwaterGovernance
GroundwaterSolutionsInitiativeforPolicyandPractice(GRIPP)
Picturecredit:FraserSugden
Themes
Picturecredit:Petterik Wiggers
Whatarethegovernanceoptionsavailablefor
differentcontexts,andhowcanwemakethemwork?
Outputs:• Regionaldialogueongroundwatergovernance
• Aparticipatoryapproachtotheco-constructionofsolutions
• Knowledge productsongroundwater governance
Partners:IWMI,ICBA
LRBA(Lebanon)INRGREF(Tunisia)
UniversityofJordanLISODE(France)
Consultants
PromotingdialogueongroundwatergovernanceintheMENAregion
Theopportunity• Carbonmitigation– replacing130,000
GWofelectricanddieseltubewells• Watersavings– incentivizethrough
feed-intarifftosellexcesselectricitytogrid
Triplewins:• Reductioningreenhousegas
emissions• Sustainableuseofgroundwater• Higherincometofarmers
Solarirrigation– willaquiferlevelskeepdeclining?…oristhereanopportunitytorecover?
Feedexcesselectricityintogrid
Engagementinregionalinitiativesandnewapproachestoirrigatedagriculture
20
TowardstheSDGagenda– needforintegration
NexusofFoodsecurity,Irrigatedagriculture,Waterresources
Pilot study in Uganda –how will the framework of SDG indicators and linkages between them actually deliver on sustainability?
2003 2009 2014
Rapidurbanizationandindustrialization: areourconventionaldevelopmentmodelscoping?
Wasteandpoorwaterqualityrisksmarginalizingdevelopmentgains– health,nutrition,emissions,
Peri-urbanagriculture– asignificantcontribution
HeatherPurshouse,GrattanMaslin;IWMI,unpublishedKathmandu Valley
Needtolookatwastedifferently
WASTE:Exploringbusinessmodelstorecovernutrients-thecirculareconomy
FecalSludgeManagementandAgriculturalReuse
Anapproachtodevelopthetechnical,policyandinvestmentconditionstoachievesustainableagriculturaldevelopmentforfoodsecurityunderclimatechange.
Ø Sustainablyincreasingagriculturalproductivityandincomes
Ø Adaptingandbuildingresiliencetoclimatechange
Ø Reducingand/orremovinggreenhousegasemission,wherepossible.
DimensionsofClimateSmartAgriculture
FAO, 2013
Ø ContinentwideinitiativeonAfricaSoilInformationService (ICRAF)
Ø Oneacrefundtoprovideservicesto180,000farmersinEasternAfrica;Indiaplanningtosupport3Msoilanalysesover3years
Ø 4per1000initiativesignedatCOP21toincreaseglobalsoilcarbonstocks (CIAT)
Ø Potentialfor265milliontCO2peryearupto2030tobeharnessed(throughcroplandmanagement,grazinglandmanagementandtherestorationofdegradedlands).(FAO,2012:23).
Improvingproductivityofsoilsandquantifyingcarboncapture
Pilotingspatialdatabasedinformationsystemsforsmallholders
Uniting agriculture and nature for poverty reduction
§ Based on remote sensing and global hydrological models to better understand state of water resources, issues and challenges/opportunities
§ Contextualizes water accounting by including sustainability and ecosystem services dimensions
§ Allows users to understand impacts and trade-offs of different interventions
www.wateraccounting.org
Water accounting plus – understanding the status of water resources
Uniting agriculture and nature for poverty reduction
Index-based flood insurance – partnership with the insurance industry
Ø SmallscaleirrigationcontinuestogrowinSSAbutslowlyØ SSIhaspotentialforwiderbenefitsbeyondyieldsandincomeif
climateresilience,health,nutrition,andgenderconsiderationsareactivelypromoted,
Ø Needssupportforinputandoutputmarkets,credit,insurance,timelyinformation,institutionalandregulatoryreform
Ø Needtoassessthebasin/aquiferscaleconsequencesofexpandingCSAsolutions
Ø Reinforcefarmersownadaptationstrategieswithinnovationsinscienceandtechnology(cropvarietiesandlivestockbreeds,efficientwaterstorageandmanagement,ecosystembasedapproaches,etc.)
Somereflections
Source:IPCCAR5
Ø Identifyinstitutionalhometosupportsmallscaleandsupplementaryirrigationtechnologiesandsupportservices(oftenfallsbetweenagricultureandirrigation/wateragencies)
Ø Clarifyingthebusinessmodelandincentivestructures(smallholder,PPP,…)
Ø Removegenderdisparitiesinregulatoryandadministrativeprocesses
Ø Improvingaccesstocredit
Ø Raiseawarenessandbuildcapacityoffarmers(particularlywomen)andagencystaff
Overcomingbarriers
Sustainable solutions for people and societies
CGIARWater,LandandEcosystemsResearchProgram
www.iwmi.orghttps://wle.cgiar.org/