OUTLINE Background Preparing for Participatory Appraisal
PAR team member matrix & contributions Interest group matrix
Analysis of Appraisal SWOC Key concerns MCUA Problem & solution trees Stella modeling Solution prioritization Feasibility matrix Logframe Rights-based analysis Harm-benefit analysis
Next Steps
GEOGRAPHIC STRUCTURENation – NicaraguaDistrict – MatagalpaMunicipality – TerrabonaComarca (Group of Villages) – PayacucaVillage – Monte Verde
NICARAGUA DEMOGRAPHICS Population: 5.6 million (July 2011) Life expectancy: 71.9 years Probability of dying before 5 years old: 26/1000 live births Population below poverty line: 48% Literacy: 67.2% Access to improved water source: 85%
MONTE VERDE DEMOGRAPHICS Population: 720 Households: 129 Literacy: 54% Households without electricity: 121 Households without access to improved water source: 80 Households without improved sanitation: 54
ORGANIZATIONS IN THE COMMUNITY World Vision distributed ceramic filters to families with children in school El Porvenir has completed an appraisal and has active presence in the community FISE built 70 latrines in 2005 ENACAL promised to dig a well, but has not done so
REVIEW OF EXISTING DATA Community collects drinking water from
small unprotected springs the creek rain water
During the dry season creek and springs dry out women walk 2km to get water from the neighboring community (La Pita), or water is trucked in by the local government
TEAM MEMBER MATRIXTeam Member Expertise
(Informal) Community Leader LeadershipHealth Worker Health needs and technologiesWorld Vision representative Water FiltersEl Porvenir representative Water/Sanitation/Re-forestationElders History/Culture/Social situationsSchool teacher Education Female leader Needs of womenLocal religious leader Community insightCU SCD group Technical skill set
CONTRIBUTIONSPartners Actors Contributions Short and long term benefits What are their needs for long lasting benefits?Community Leaders
Know what is needed and what resources, skills, materials, & local channels are availableClean water, contributing to community well-being & enhance position within the community Community respect
NGOs Supply knowledge, skills & possible financing to project Help gain community trust & show donors their outputs.Gain community trust and perform monitoring and evaluation while maintaining long-term relationships with the community
Government Financing & regulatory guidanceCommunity receives a clean water source & possible political support
Community will be less dependant on government & government will no longer need to deliver waterFarmers Possible land donation Potential water for irrigation & healthier help.
Water for crops during dry season & long-term clean drinking water for their own consumption.
Interest Groups Meeting Place Key InterestFarmers Centrally located property Economic growth/sustainable farmingWomen Water source Water/Family issues/Health/SanitationYouth Hang out area (ex. soccer field) Education/Water/Sanitation
Religion Religious facility Community guidance & well-beingNGO's At their office WASH, reforestation
Coffee Co-op Co-op gathering location Income generationMen Centrally located property Job creation
INTEREST GROUP MATRIX
SWOC ANALYSISStrengths Weaknesses Opportunities ChallengesGov. is aware of need for water Lack of potable water Fertile land Gaining outsider trustWorking relationships with NGOs Distrust of government Potential for gov. funding O&M financing
Skilled farmers Limited economic opportunity NGO support Government supportProductive land Lack of electricity Land ownership Land ownershipAbundant rainfall Seasonal rainfall Natural resources HealthLarge workforce Poor road infrastructure Community committees NGO collaboration Community is organized Poor housing infrastructure Training & Commitment Illiteracy Locating groundwater
People without latrines
No access to clean water
No land ownershipNo electricity
Illiterate
0
250
500
750
Number of community members
VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS
KEY CONCERNS Lack of access to clean water Incomplete education Lack of access to improved sanitation
KEY CONCERNS-WEIGHTED ANALYSIS Access to Potable Water Access to Functional
Latrines Improved Education
Criteria Weight (1-10) Score Score x
Weight Score Score x Weight Score Score x
Weight
Sustainability 7 7 49 2 14 9 63
Community Acceptance 6 9 54 4 24 6 36
Cost Effectiveness 4 8 32 5 20 7 28
Feasibility 5 4 20 8 40 5 25
Environmental Impact 3 9 27 9 27 2 6
Political Acceptance 2 8 16 4 8 9 18
Community Ownership 9 8 72 3 27 7 63
Operation Maintenance 6 6 36 1 6 4 24
TOTAL 306 166 263
Provide consistent access to clean water for the community of Monte Verde to improve quality of life
IDENTIFIED OBJECTIVE
Lack of access to clean water
No distribution
systemNo
ground-water
collectionSprings dry up
in summe
r
No money for
infrastructure
No govt regulatio
n
Water sources are
polluted
Not enough sanitation systems
No protection of surface
water sourcesPoor
education
Lack of road
infrastructure
Lack of $ to pay
teachers
Lack of communit
y organizati
on
Lack of water
No rainwate
r collectio
n
Lack of land
ownership
Water related
diseases
Poor hygiene
No community
empowerment
Lack of income
Lack of treatme
nt
Lost work & school
days
Increased money spent on medical
careLost time collecting
water
Less productivi
tyHygiene-related
diseasesNeed to
walk far for water
Less skilled labor
Lack of job
creation
Community is less
empowered
No development projects
Less capital growth
Reduced quality of
life
No ground-water
collectionSprings dry up
in summe
r
No money for
infrastructure
No govt regulatio
n
Not enough sanitation systems
No protection of surface
water sourcesPoor
education
Lack of road
infrastructure
Lack of $ to pay
teachers
Lack of communit
y organizati
on
No rainwate
r collectio
n
Lack of land
ownership No community
empowerment
Lack of income
Lack of job
creation
FOUR MAIN ROOTSNo
distribution system
Water sources are
polluted
Lack of water
Lack of treatme
nt
Lack of access to clean water
Access to clean water
Distribution system
Wells
Money for infrastructu
reGovt
enforcement
Clean water
sourcesFull
sanitation coverage
Protection of surface
water sources
Poor educatio
nRoad infrastructu
re Money to pay
teachers
Community
organization
Water availability
Rainwater collection
Land ownershi
p
Improved health
Community empowerme
nt
Less distance to
water
Improved hygiene
Less travel time
Community empowerme
ntMoney
Treatment
More productivit
yLess
spending on medical
care
Job creation
Ability to attend school
& work
More incomeImproved
education
More skilled labor
More development projects
Community well being
Improved agriculture
SOLUTION IDEAS FROM PAR RESULTS Rainwater Catchment System
Treatment: Filtration and Chlorination Drill Deep Wells
Treatment: None or Chlorination Spring Water Storage and Distribution System
Treatment: None or Chlorination
DECISION ANALYSIS: RANK ORDER CENTROID (ROC) METHOD Determines which solution would work best for Monte Verde. ROC Method
Determine a list of factors that are of concern Assign a value to every factor for each alternative Rank the factors in order of importance Calculate and analyze results
ROC MATRIXRank Order Centroid Solution Decision Analysis
Overall Ranking Factors Deep Wells Rainwater Catchment Spring Water Storage8 Treatment 5 2 51 Acceptance 4 1 23 Capacity 5 2 32 Reliability 4 2 36 Flow 5 2 37 Cost 1 4 34 Feasibility 2 4 35 O&M 3 1 5
STELLA MODEL Shows the community relationships from a systems perspective. How would the installation of a new well impact Monte Verde?
STELLA MODEL RESULTSCurrent situation. People lose access to water during the dry season.
Simulation ran over a three month time period.
STELLA MODEL RESULTSWell installed. People have access to clean water through the dry season.
Simulation ran over a three month time period.
PROBLEM, GROUP, ACTION FEASIBILITY MATRIX Feasibility Matrix Jim
Partners Actors Their contributions Their short and long term benefits What are their needs for long lasting benefits?Community Leaders Know what is needed and what resources, skills, materials, and local channels are available
Clean water, contributing to community well-being and enhance position within the community Community respect
NGOs Supply knowledge, skills and possible financing to project Help gain community trust and show donors their outputs.Gain community trust and perform monitoring and evaluation while maintaining long-term relationships with the community
Government Financing and regulatory guidance Community receives a clean water source and possible political supportCommunity will be less dependant on government and government will no longer need to deliver water
Farmers Possible land donation Potential water for irrigation and healthier help. Water for crops during dry season and long-term clean drinking water for their own consumption.
LOGICAL FRAMEWORK Description- narrative Activities
Objective 11. Increase amount of available water (at least 20 L/ person/ day) to provide enough water to meet all domestic water needs year-round.
1.1. Well(s)1.1.1. Land acquisition 1.1.2. Install wellObjective 2
2. Water treatment for drinking and cooking (5 L/person/day)--100 % of residents drink safe water year-round2.1. Test well water2.2. Buy disinfectant
Objective 33. Education and training for community members to understand importance of conservation for water to last all year and hygiene to prevent spread of disease; community empowerment
3.1. Formation of a water committee to raise funds and make decisions about water systems 3.2. Training of mechanic or committee on how to operate and maintain systems3.3. Education3.3.1. Conservation 3.3.2. Hygiene3.3.3. Proper water storage
LOGICAL FRAMEWORKVerifiable indicators Modes of evaluation or verification Assumptions (critical for project success)1.1. Well properly installed and maintained1.1.1. Land acquisition certificate1. No more trucked in water
1. Observation/monitoring1. Surveys and interviews1. Government records of water trucks sent to Monte Verde
1. Water rights1. Land owndership and space1.1.1. Water found1. Truthful answers to surveys1. Money1. 20 L/person/day is enough2.1. Water quality consistent with WHO standards2.2. Disinfectant bought 2.1. Water testing2.2. Observation 2.1. Water testing materials & expertise available in community2.2. Can get and afford materials3.1. Committee formed and meets regularly; has plan for funding project3.2. Mechanic/committee understand how to operate & maintain systems, where to get spare parts, etc.3.3. % of adults & children understand why conservation, hygiene, & proper storage are important
3.1 Committee meeting minutes, schedule for project completion, method to collect funds3.2. Mechanic O&M logs3.3. Surveys and interviews3. Community is willing & has time to devote to committee, training, O&M
RIGHTS-BASED ANALYSISThe right to water is the right of everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, and physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses.(UN, November 2002)The UN reconfirmed Right to Water and for the first time Right to Sanitation. They are essential to the realization of all human rights. (UN, July 2010)
BENEFIT/HARM ANALYSIS• Benefit - We are addressing one of the communities’ human needs. As part of the Key-Concerns Weighted Analysis, the community identified access to potable water as one of their top three concerns. • Benefit/Harm The construction of a well has the opportunity to supply the community with water for years. We want to come up with a sustainable well design; otherwise, we could harm the community by giving them false hope and delaying meeting this important need in their community.
BENEFIT/HARM ANALYSIS Inequality – The goal is to meet the community’s need for safe water, but we risk creating inequality if we do not provide potable water for the entire community. Inclusivity - A benefit of the project is to provide everyone a chance to contribute to the well-being of their community. Our appraisal attempts to include all representative groups.
NEXT STEPS Capacity and risk analysis Detailed solution design Detailed implementation plan of activities Monitoring and evaluation Exit strategy
APPENDIX - BIBLIOGRAPHYGeneral CARE Project Design Handbook, Richard Caldwell, Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE), Atlanta, USA, 2002. Recovering Sustainable Development, David G. Victor, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2006, Vol. 85, No. 1. Global Burden of Disease, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, May 2011. Improving Water Governance in Kenya Through the Human Rights Based Approach, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Kenya and UNDP Governance Facility (WGF), November 2007 https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watergovernance.org%2Fdocuments%2FResources%2FReports%2FBASELINE_REPORT_HRBA_Kenya.pdf
APPENDIX - BIBLIOGRAPHYNGO Partners El Provenir – Clean Water for Nicaragua, http://elporvenir.org/page/how-we-work Nicaragua Monitoring Report 2010, Water for People, World Water Corps, http://www.waterforpeople.org/flow-mapping/monitoring-reports.html CRS Work in Nicaragua, Catholic Relief Services,http://crs.org/nicaragua/projects.cfm Final Design Report, Matagalpa Infrastructure Improvements, Engineers Without Borders, Portland State University Chapter, https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewbpsu.org%2Ffiles%2FMatagalpaHogar_Report.doc
APPENDIX - BIBLIOGRAPHY
Nicaragua – Land, Health and WaterLand Tenure and Property Rights, USAID http://usaidlandtenure.net/usaidltprproducts/country-profiles/nicaragua/country-profile-nicaragua#Minerals_Nicaragua Human Development Index, Child Mortality, Improved Water Sources, Sanitation, Paved Roads and Income per Person, , Gapminder World, gapminderworld.org,Childhood Diarrhoea and Its Prevention in Nicaragua, Determinants of Domestic Water Use in Rural Nicaragua, Sandiford, P, Gorter AC., Orzco, J.G., and Pauw, J.P., Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1990; 93:383-389, Liverpool, UK. www.icas.net/new.../Determinants%20domestic%20water%20use.pdfMaps-Nicaragua, Terrabona & Monte VerdeAdministrative Map of Nicaragua – Nations Online ProjjectTerrabona, Nicaragua 1:50,000 Contour Map (20 meter CI) showing Monte Verde at Lat. 1246’43.6’N, Long. 8556”18.56”W (100 meter Grid Square Coordinate: 131146), Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic/Topographic Center, Washington, DC, 1986, http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/nicaragua/terrabona-nicaragua-50k-3054iii-1986.pdf
APPENDIX - BIBLIOGRAPHYGoogle Earth database, Imagery Date 12/5/2010, http://www.opengis.net/kml/2.2"<coordinates>-85.9384893,12.77879224, accessed 10/07/11
Rights-Based & Benefit/Harm AnalysisSilver, David. “Checklist for Project Integrity in the Context of Development as Transformation.”“The Human Right to Water and Sanitation.” United Nations Website: http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/human_right_to_water.shtml . Accessed December 5, 2011.
APPENDIX - BIBLIOGRAPHYGovernanceCulture Matters, The Real Obstacles to Latin American Development, Oscar Arias, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2011, Vol. 90 No. 1. Ortega Won’t Let Go of Nicaragua, Mary Anastasia O’Grady, Wall Street Journal, 10/31/11. The New Nicaraguan Water Law In Context – Institutions and Challenges for Water Management and Governance, Paula Novo and Alberto Garrido (University of Madrid), International Food Policy Research Institute, July 2010, http:// www.ifpri.org/publications
APPENDIX - BIBLIOGRAPHY
Department of MatagalpaCommunity Resources, http://fincaelcoqui.com/city-of-matagalpa-nicaragua/ Bean Growing Environments in Nicaragua, Michigan State Universary, 2001https://www.msu.edu/~bernsten/beanatlas/Country%20Pages--withGIS/Nicaragua/2.BeanGrowingEnvironments/nicaragua_text_bean_growing_environments.htm Climate and Weather: http://www.worldweatheronline.com/weather-averages/Nicaragua/1616762/Matagalpa/1618707/info.aspx Consolidated Data by Health Post In Region, Including Gastrointestinal, Respriatory and Skin Infections, -(Need source document)
APPENDIX - BIBLIOGRAPHY
Municipality of Terrabona – Appraisal Analysis Terrabona en cifras, Instituto Nacional de Informacion de Sarrollo, (INIDE), Marzo, 2008, www.inide.gob.ni, (personal communication from Chalie Z. Nevarez. October 2011) Field Notes of Visited Communities (of Terrabona, including Monte Verde), El Provenir, June 9, 2011, (personal communication from Chalie Z. Nevarez. October 2011) Drought Sweeps Terrabona, Local Newspaper clipping dated June 6, 2011, (personal communication from Chalie Z. Nevarez. October 2011) Clean Water for Nicaragua, El Porsvenir, not dated, (personal communication from Chalie Z. Nevarez. October 2011) Terrabona Results (a spreadsheet analysis of water, sanitation and hygiene indicators), (personal communication from Chalie Z. Nevarez. October 2011)
APPENDIX - BIBLIOGRAPHY
Community of Monte Verde- Appraisal Analysis Monteverde Household Interview Data, El Provenir, June 13-14, 2011, (Water, sanitation and hygiene data for 17 households in Phase I area of Monte Verde community. (personal communication from Chalie Z. Nevarez. October 2011) Photos of Monte Verde Households and Community Infrastructure, El Provenir, June 2011, (personal communication from Chalie Z. Nevarez. October 2011)