Download - Joints and Bone Injuries
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JOINTS AND BONE INJURIES
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Articular System Series of joints that allow for movement of the
human body Joint articulation
Two bones come into contact May be immoveable, slightly moveable, or freely
moveable Arthrology is the study of joint structure and
function Types of joints
Synarthroses – immovable Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable Diarthroses – freely moveable
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Synarthroses Lack a synovial cavity Held together by fibrous connective tissue Sutures
Ex. Joints between skull bones Fuse together after birth
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Syndesmoses Connected by
ligaments are very slightly moveable
Ex. between the tibia and the fibula
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Gomphoses Joint which a
conical process fits into a socket and is held by ligaments
ex. teeth held to the jaw bones
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Amphiarthroses Connected by
hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage Ex. Ribs
connected to sternum
Ex. Between pubic bones
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Diarthroses(synovial joints)
Ends of bones are covered with articular cartilage and separated by the joint cavity
Within joint is a capsule Outer layer is made of ligaments Inner layer is a synovial membrane that secretes
synovial fluid for lubrication
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Types of Diarthroses joints Pivot joint
Bone moves around a central axis
Ex. joint between the radius and ulna of the lower arm
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Gliding joint Bones move in a sliding
motion Ex. between the
carpals in the hand
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Hinge joint Allows only flexion and
extension Ex. the knee and elbow
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Condyloid or ellipsoidal joint Bones can move in
many directions but cannot rotate
Ex. between the metatarsals and the phalanges
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Saddle joint Two bones have
both concave and convex regions
Allows the thumb to touch each of the fingertips
Ex. the thumb
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Ball – and – socket joint Bone’s rounded end fits
into a concave cavity on another bone
Provides the widest range of motion possible
Ex. femur connecting to the hip bones
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Joint InjuriesSubluxation Occurs when bone
displaces, then returns to normal position
Dislocation Occurs when
significant force displaces bone so that the two bone ends in a joint no longer add up
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JOINTMOVEMENTS
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Movements of Diarthroses Flexion Extension Hyperextension Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduction Supination Pronation Plantar flexion Dorsiflexion
Inversion Eversion Protraction Retraction Elevation Depression Internal Rotation External Rotation Radial Deviation Ulnar Deviation Opposition
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Flexion/Extension Flexion
Decreases the angle between 2 bones
Extension Increases the angle between two
bones
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Hyperextension Movement that increases the angle
between two bones extends beyond the normal range of motion
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Abduction/Adduction Abduction
Describes movements of the limbs only
The limb moves away from the midline of the body
Adduction Describes
movements of the limbs only
The limb moves toward from the midline of the body
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Abduction/Adduction
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Rotation Movement that occurs when a bone turns on its axis toward or away from the midline of the body, in the limbs, or between the 1st and 2nd vertebrae of the spine
Circumduction The ability of a limb to move in a circular path around an axis
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Supination The action of turning the palm upward Performed by lateral rotation of the forearm
Pronation The action of turning the palm downward
Performed by medial rotation of the forearm
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Supination/Pronation
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Foot: Dorsal/Plantar
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Plantar Flexion Movement that extends the foot
Pointing toes downwards Dorsiflexion
Movement that flexes the foot Brings toes up toward the lower leg
Plantar Flexion/Dorsiflexion
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Plantar Flexion/Dorsiflexion
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Inversion Movement that turns the sole of the foot medially
Eversion Movement that turns the sole of the foot laterally
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Inversion/Eversion
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Protraction/Retraction Protraction
Moving the body part forward Retraction
Moving the body part backward Both movements occur in the
transverse plane Only performed with the shoulder
and mandible
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Protraction/Retraction
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Elevation/Depression Elevation
Movement that lifts the body part superiorly
Depression Movement of the body part inferiorly
Elevation and Depression occur in the frontal plane
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Elevation/Depression
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Internal/External Rotation Internal rotation
Movement that occurs when the anterior surface moves toward the midline
aka medial rotation External rotation
Movement that occurs when the anterior surface moves away from the midline
aka lateral rotation
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Internal/External Rotation
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Hip Internal Rotation
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Hand Movements Radial Deviation
Hand moves laterally towards the thumb side
Ulnar Deviation Hand moves medially toward the little
finger Opposition
Moves the thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers
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Hand Movements
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Joints of Upper Extremity Shoulder Joint
Glenohumeral Sternoclavicular Acromioclavicular
Elbow Joint Radiohumeral Humeroulnar Radioulnar
Wrist Radiocarpal Intercarpal Carpalmetacarpal
Hand Intermetacarpal Metacarpalphalan
geal Interphalangeal
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Shoulder Glenohumeral Sternoclavicular Acromioclavicular
Glenohumeral joint
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shoulder
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Elbow
Radiohumeral Humeroulnar Radioulnar
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Wrist Radiocarpal Intercarpal Carpalmetacarpal
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Hand
Intermetacarpal Metacarpalphalangeal Interphalangeal
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Joints of Lower Extremity Sacroiliac Acetabulofemoral Patellofemoral Tibiofemoral Tibiofibular
Ankle/Foot Talocural Subtalar Intertarsal Tarsometatarsal Intermetatarsal Metatasophalang
el Interphalangeal
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Sacroiliac joint
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Tibiofemoral joint
TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT
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Foot/Ankle
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Synovial Joint Injuries Acute
Sprains Synovitis Subluxations Dislocations
Chronic Osteochondrosis Arthritis Bursitis Capsulitis/
synovitis
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Sprains Injury to ligamentous
and capsular tissue Traumatic joint twist
that results in stretching of total tearing of the stabilizing connective tissue
One of most common & disabling sports injuries
General Symptoms: Joint swelling Local temperature
increase Pain Point tenderness Skin discoloration
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Sprains Grade 1
Some pain Minimum LOF Mild point tenderness Little or not swelling No abnormal motion
Grade 2 Pain Moderate LOF Swelling Slight to moderate
instability
Grade 3 Severe sprain Extremely painful
initially LOF Severe instability Tenderness Swelling
May represent subluxation that reduced spontaneously
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Synovitis Irritation of
synovial membrane Causes increase in
fluid production, swelling
Joint pain during motion, skin sensitivity from pressure
Diminish in few days
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Acute Joint InjuriesSubluxation Occurs when
bone displaces, then returns to normal position
Dislocation Occurs when
significant force displaces bone so that the two bone ends in a joint no longer add up
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Osteochondrosis Degenerative changes in the ossification
centers of the epiphysis of bones During periods of rapid growth in children Osteochondritis dissecans Suggested causes—
aseptic necrosis: circulation to epiphysis disrupted
Trauma causes particles of articular cartilage to fx, resulting in fissures that penetrate to subchondral bone
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Arthritis Inflammation of an
entire joint Usually involves all
tissues of the joint Most often in WB
joints 100 varieties of
arthritis 10% population No cure
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Rheumatoid Arthritis Connective tissue
disorder resulting in severe inflammation of small joints
Cause unknown Severely debilitating Synovial membranes
of joint and connective tissues grow abnormally to form layer in joint capsules destroys cartilage and fuses bones of joint
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Osteoarthritis
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Osteoarthritis
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Bursitis Inflammation of the synovial cavity
caused by excessive stress or tension
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Open & Closed Kinematic Chains
Open Kinematic Chain Sequence of action in which the body part
farthest from the trunk is free during movement
i.e. Seated leg extension Closed Kinematic Chain
Sequence of action in which the body part farthest from the trunk is fixed during movement
i.e. In a squat, feet are fixed and the rest of leg chain moves
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