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JOINTS
Prepared By
Doppalapudi Sandeep
M. Pharmacy,
Assistant Professor
Department of Physiology & Pharmacology
Chebrolu Hanumaiah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Chandramoulipuram, Chowdavaram, Guntur, Andhra
Pradesh, India – 522019
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Articulations: The site where 2 or more bones meet.
Joints are the weakest part of the skeleton.
ClassificationFunctional ClassificationAmount of movement allowed
1). Synarthroses: Immovable joints
2). Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joint
3). Diarthroses: Fully movable joints
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Structural Classification of
Joints
• Fibrous joints
– Generally immovable
• Cartilaginous joints
– Immovable or slightly moveable
• Synovial joints
– Freely moveable
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Immovable Joints (synarthrosis)
• Bones united by ligament
suture
1). Fibrous: Bone ends united by collagenic fibers
a). Sutures
b). Syndesmoses
c). Gomphoses
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Immovable Joints (synarthrosis)
• Bones united by ligament
(syndesmosis)
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• Ligaments hold tooth in bony socket
• Immovable joint
enamel
dentin
gum
root of
tooth
pulp
Socket of
alveolar
process
Peridontal
ligament
(membrane)
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2). Cartilaginous Joints: Bones are united by
cartilage
a). Synchondrosis
b). Symphyses
• Slightly Movable (ampharthrosis)
and Immovable (synarthrosis)
Joints
• Lacks a synovial cavity
• Bones connected by fibrocartilage or
hyaline cartilage
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Immovable Joint
(synchondrosis)
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Slightly Movable Joint
(ampharthrosis)
pubic symphysis
symphysis
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Synovial Joints
• Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
• Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
• Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the
ends of bones
• Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular
capsule
• Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
• Ligaments reinforce the joint
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Structures Associated with the
Synovial Joint• Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
– Lined with synovial membranes
– Filled with synovial fluid
– Not actually part of the joint
• Tendon sheath
– Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
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• Planar Joint
• Hinge Joint
• Pivot Joint
• Saddle Joint
• Ball & Socket Joint
• Condyloid or Ellipsoid Joint
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
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• Bone surfaces are slightly curved
• Side to side movement only
• Rotation prevented by ligaments
• Examples:
- intercarpal to intertarsal joints
- sternoclavicular joint
- vertebrocostal joints
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• Convex surface of bone fits in concave
surface of 2nd bone
• Unixlateral like a door hinge
• Examples:
- Knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints
• Movements produced:
- flexion
- extension
- hyperextension
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• Rounded surface of bone articulates
with the ring formed by the 2nd bone &
ligament
• Monoaxial since it only allows rotation
around longitudinal axis
• Examples:
- proximal radioulnar joint
- supination
- pronation
- atlanto-axial joint
- Turning head side to side “no”
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• One bone saddle-shaped, other bone
fits like a person riding on the saddle
• Biaxial
- circumduction allows the tip of the
thumb to travel in a circle
- Opposition allows thumb to touch
tip of other fingers
• Examples:
- Trapezium of carpus and
metacarple of thumb
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• Ball fitting into a cup-like depression
• Multiaxial
- flexion/extension
- abduction/adduction
- rotation
• Examples:
- shoulder joint
- hip joint
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• Oval-shaped depression fits into oval
depression
• Biaxial= flex/extend or adduct/abduct is
possible
• Examples:
- Wrist and metacarpophelangeal joints for
2 to 5 digits
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Gliding
(a) Gliding movements at the wrist
Hyperextension
Flexion
Extension
(c) Angular movements
vertebral column
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Figure 8.5b Movements allowed
by synovial joints.
(b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and
hyperextension of the neck
Hyperextension Extension
Flexion
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Figure 8.5d Movements allowed
by synovial joints.
Extension
Extension
Flexion
Flexion
(d) Angular movements: flexion and extension at the
shoulder and knee
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Figure 8.5e Movements allowed
by synovial joints.
Abduction
Adduction
(e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, and
circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder
Circumduction
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Figure 8.5f Movements allowed
by synovial joints.Lateral
rotation
Medial
rotation
Rotation
(f) Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb
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Figure 8.6a Special body
movements.
Supination
(radius and
ulna are
parallel)
(a) Pronation (P) and supination (S)
Pronation
(radius
rotates
over ulna)
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Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
(b) Dorsiflexion and
plantar flexion
EversionInversion
(c) Inversion &
eversion
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Figure 8.6d Special body
movements.
Protraction
of mandibleRetraction
of mandible
(d) Protraction and retraction
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Figure 8.6e Special body
movements.Elevation
of mandible
Depression
of mandible
(e) Elevation and depression
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Figure 8.6f Special body
movements.
(f) Opposition
Opposition
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Types of joint movement:
• Flexion- bent knee
• Extension- extend knee
• Hyperextension- bring leg back
• Dorsi flexion- heal
• Plantar flexion- toe
• Abduction- leg out
• Adduction-leg in
• Rotation- twisting
• Circumduction- circular motion
• Supination- palm up
• Pronation- palm down
• Eversion- foot out
• Inversion- foot in
• Protraction- chin forward
• Retraction- chin back
• Elevation- shoulders up
• Depression- shoulders down