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Print ISSN: 0976-7606
Online ISSN: 2230-7338
Journal ofH i l l Agri cul t ure
Volume 5, No. 2 July December, 2014
Shari ng Knowledge for Prosperity
Indian Society of Hill Agriculture,G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology,
Pantnagar, Distt Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand 263 145 (INDIA)
Website: www.ishaindia.in
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INDIAN SOCIETY OF HILL AGRICULTURE (Regd. 2010)URL: www.ishaindia.in
JOURNAL OF HILL AGRICULTURE (DOI: 10.5958/2230-7338)
(Print ISSN 0976-7606, Online ISSN 2230-7338)
Journal of Hill Agriculture (JHA) is an international journal and an official publication of Indian Society of HillAgriculture (ISHA). It publishes the original research in all branches of agriculture and allied science that is of primaryinterest to the agricultural development, especially in hill and mountain regions of the world. The publication is open to themembers of Indian Society of Hill Agriculture but it also accepts papers from non-members if all authors become theannual/life member when a paper is submitted / accepted for publication. The journal publishes various types of articles,i.e. (i) Strategy / Policy paper (exclusively by invitation from the personalities of eminence), (ii) Review papers (full andshort) (iii) Research papers (iv) Short communications and (v) First Report. The manuscripts may be submitted through email to [email protected] or by online submission through ISHAs website www.ishaindia.in or
www.indianjournals.com.
For print version of journal of hill agriculture, subscribers may write to the Business Manager / Editor-in-Chief
(JHA) and the Online version may be accessed through www.indianjournals.com
Editor-in-ChiefDr SK Sharma, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA ([email protected])
Associate Editor (s)Dr KC Sharma, CSKHPKVV, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, INDIA
Dr Birendra Prasad, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA
Associate Editor & Business ManagerDr AK Pandey, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA ([email protected])
EDITORIAL BOARD (2014)
Dr Ajay Gupta, SKUAST, Jammu, INDIA Dr Alkesh Kandoria, PSCST, Chandigarh, INDIA
Dr Amit Jasrotia, SKUAST, Jammu, INDIA Dr Anchal Dass, IARI, New Delhi, INDIA
Dr Asgar Ebadollahi, Ardabil, IRAN Dr Ashok Thakur, Univ of Hort. & Fty. Solan, HP, INDIA
Dr Bijayalaxmi Mohanty, National Univ of SINGAPORE Dr BM Pandey, VPKAS, Almora, Uttarakhand, INDIA
Dr Davide Spadaro, Univ of Torino, ITALY Dr HSR Kotturi, Univ Central Oklahoma, USA
Dr Gulzar Singh Sanghera, SKUAST(K) Anantnag, INDIA Dr Lala Iswari Prasad Ray, CAU, Meghalaya, INDIA
Dr J P Sharma, SKUAST(J) Jammu, INDIA Dr M Shakila Banu, Coimbatore, INDIA
Dr Pankaj Panwar, CSWCRTI, Chandigarh, INDIA Dr Rajesh Kaushal, CSWCRTI, Dehradun, INDIA
Dr Prashant Bakshi, SKUAST Jammu, INDIA Dr Rakefet David-Schwartz, Volcani Center, ISRAEL
Dr Rakesh Sharma, Univ of Hort. & Fty. Solan, HP, INDIA Dr Rashmi Yadav, NBPGR, New Delhi, INDIA
Dr Shachi Shah, IGNOU, New Delhi, INDIA Dr Sushil K Sharma, DSR, Indore, INDIA
Dr S K Maurya, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA Dr VP Zambare, SDSMT, South Dakota, USA
Dr VR Karoshi, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA Dr Yun Kong, Beijing University of Agriculture, CHINA
Dr Sucheta Singh, Haridwar, INDIA
Dr Udit Kumar, RAU, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, INDIA
Dr Tsering Stobdan, DIHAR, Leh (INDIA)
Dr Sanjai Kumar Srivastava, Pantnagar, INDIA
For any queries pertaining to Indian Society of Hill Agriculture (ISHA) or Journal of Hill Agriculture(JHA) please write to Secretary / Editor-in-Chief (JHA), Indian Society of Hill Agriculture Secretriat,College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant Univ. Agr. Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 249 199, India
Phone: +91 9412962535, 9412463923 E mail: [email protected], [email protected]
URL : http://www.ishaindia.in orhttp://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:jha&type=home
Shar ing Knowledge for
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 2014, Vol 5(2)
CONTENTS
Innovative measures for mitigating negative effects of climate changeon hill agriculture in Nepal
GHANASHYAM MALLA 87-91
Baculoviruses as microbial insecticides NIDHI AK PANDEY 92-99Study on yak husbandry in Mustang district of Nepal KP ACHARYA BK NIRMAL B POUDEL
S BASTOLA MK MAHATO GP YADAV
K KAPHLE
100-105
Growth indices of yield variability in wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)under varying degree of shades
P LAKSHMANAKUMAR SK GURU 106-113
Effect of river mining on employment generation and farming systemsin Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh
MS PATHANIA CHAMAN DIP SINGH 114-121
Nutritional status of lactating dairy cattle under rural feedingmanagement in Mizoram
RAJAT BURAGOHAIN GIRIN KALITA 122-127
Genetic diversity of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) genotypes fordrought tolerance using RAPD markers
SHALANI GUPTA RASHMI GARG 128-133
Optimization of parameters for storage of biocolour extracted fromcitrus peel
ALKESH VS BARWAL RAKESHSHARMA
134-138
Influence of planting geometry on performance of China aster genotypesunder mid hill conditions of Uttarakhand
NEERAJ PANDEY VK RAO 139-143
Effect of removal of browning substrates on sensory quality of orangejuice and semi-concentrates during storage
SK SHARMA SHASHIBALA JUYAL 144-149
Socio-economic features of farm households- a comparative study ofhill and plain regions of Uttarakhand, India
SWATI GOSWAMI SK SRIVASTAVA 150-157
Feeding behaviour of Murrah buffalo calves under different housingsystems
AMIT KUMAR AK SINGH NEELKANT 158-162
Response of plant spacing and pruning intensity on yield contributingcharacteristics of guava cv. Pant Prabhat
PRABHAKAR JOSHI SHANT LAL PANKAJ NAUTIYAL MAHESH PAL
163-167
Variability and correlation studies in diallel cross of tomato (Solanum
lycopericum L.)
AK SHARMA JAIPAUL 168-170
Effect of different chemicals for management ofHelicoverpa armigera
(Hubner) in pigeonpea
SURENDRA PRASAD RK JHA 171-173
Constraints in adoption of farming systems on tribal farms inUttarakhand
SHALINI RAGHAV SK SRIVASTAVA 174-178
Effect of clonal rootstock on growth and yield of spur type applecultivars under high density plantation in Uttarakhand
AK SHARMA JAIPAUL 179-181
Heterotic vigour studies in forage sorghum hybrid by multiple criteria BIRENDRA PRASAD 182-185
Genetic variability of tomato genotypes for yield and other horticulturaltraits
V SINGH KH NASEERUDDIN DK RANA 186-189
Economics of income generating activities under SHG finance inMeghalaya
JW MOMIN DC KALITA 190-193
Weed management strategies for better yield and economics of grainamaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) in mountain agriculture
DK SHUKLA BIRENDRA PRASAD
TEJ PRATAP194-197
Evaluation of mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties for making RTSbeverage
CS CHOPRA 198-202
Genetic divergence in radish (Raphanus sativusL.) grown under valley
conditions of Garhwal Himalaya
KH NASEERUDDIN V SINGH SC PANT
DK RANA203-206
Effect of different herbicides on growth, yield and weed flora of onion(Allium cepa L.)
UDIT KUMAR BIRENDRA PRASAD GIRISH CHANDRA
207-210
First record on the occurrence ofMeloidogyne graminicola on rice inUdham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand
SATYA KUMAR GEETA SHARMA
SARVESH MISHRA KPS KUSHWAHA211-213
Guidelines to authors i-ii
Esteemed Referees of Journal of Hill Agriculture 2014 Vol 5(2) iii
Corrigendum iii
Membership of Journal of Hill Agriculture / Indian Society of HillAgriculture
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INDIAN SOCIETY OF HILL AGRICULTURE (Regd. 2010)
URL: www.ishaindia.in
Indian Society of Hill Agriculture (ISHA) was founded in 2010 having its
secretariat at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Hill Campus,Ranichauri, Distt Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India with the main objective to cultivateand promote research, education and development of agriculture and allied branches ofscience with special emphasis on development of hill and mountain regions of the world.
OFFICE BEARERS
Chief Patron: Vice Chancellor, GBPUAT PantnagarPresident: Dr PS Bisht, Dean, BharsarVice President (s): Dr AK Sharma, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand
Dr SK Thakur, CSKHPKVV, Palampur, Himachal PradeshDr VK Rao, GBPUAT, UttarakhandDr PJ Handique, Guwahati, Assam
Dr MS Mir, Srinagar, Jammu and KashmirSecretary: Dr VK Yadav, GBPUAT, UttarakhandJoint Secretary: Dr Sanjeev Sharma, CPRI, Shimla
Dr Sunil Kumar, GBPUAT, UttarakhandDr OC Sharma, CITH, Srinagar, Jammu and KashmirDr Vinod K Sharma, GBPUAT, UttarakhandDr Mayank Rai, CAU, Manipur
Editor-in-Chief, J Hill Ag Dr Satish K Sharma, GBPUAT, UttarakhandAssociate Editor (s) Dr KC Sharma, CSKHPKVV, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh
Dr Birendra Prasad, GBPUAT, UttarakhandAssociate Editor & Business Manager: Dr AK Pandey, GBPUAT, UttarakhandTreasurer: Dr Chandra Dev, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand
INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARDMembers from India Dr Mangla Rai, Former, President NAAS and Former Secretary DARE, Govt. of India
Dr P L Gautam, Former, Chairperson, PPVFRA, Govt. of IndiaDr Anwar Alam, Former Vice Chancellor, SKUAST(K), Srinagar, J&KDr KM Bujarbaruah, Vice Chancellor, AAU, Jorhat, AssamDr KR Dhiman, Former Vice Chancellor, Dr YSPUHF, Solan, HPDr Bhag Mal, Former South Asia Coordinator, Biodiversity International, New Delhi
Members from Abroad Dr JDH Keatinge, Director General, AVRDC, World Vegetable Centre, TaiwanDr Md. Yousuf Mian, Director General, BARI, Gazipur, BangladeshDr C Kole, Clemson University, South Carolina, USAProf (Dr) FG Schroeder, Dresdan, GermanyDr G Paliyat, University of Guelph, Ontario, CanadaDr Ramesh Thakur, Michigan Technical University, Houghton, USA
EXECUTIVE COUNCILLORSDr AK Singh, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar PradeshDr AK Singh, GBPUAT, UttarakhandDr BL Attri, CITH (ICAR), Mukteshwar, UttarakhandDr SP Uniyal, GBPUAT, UttarakhandDr Vandana A Kumar, GBPUAT, UttarakhandDr VK Joshi, Dr YSPUHF, Solan, Himachal PradeshDr VK Sah, GBPUAT, UttarakhandDr VK Wali, SKUAST (J), Jammu and Kashmir
Shar ing Knowledge for
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 87-91, July December 2014DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00845.3
Innovative measures for mitigating negative effects of
climate change on hill agriculture in Nepal
GHANASHYAM MALLAReceived: September 7, 2014; Revised: December 4, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014
ABSTRACT Agriculture plays an important role infood and nutritional security of Nepal. Climatechange is negatively affecting agriculture especiallyin hill agriculture of the country. Reviews showedthat increase in temperature in Nepal is higher (1.7oCin 30 years, i.e. 0.06oC /year) than the global average.In Nepal, both positive and negative impacts ofclimate change have been observed on agriculture.Frequency of negative impacts especiallyhydrological drought has been increased in Hillregion. Thus, to mitigate negative impacts of climatechange and its threats; eco-friendly agriculturaladaptation measures like adaptation of stress tolerantgenotypes, integrated crop and livestock farming,agro forestry, soil and nutrition conservational
practices, atmospheric nitrogen fixing practice,proper management of biomass and livestock waste,improving livestock and fisheries breeding andsloppy land improvement etc. should be enhanced.Similarly, climate change adaptation plans, NationalAgriculture Program of Action (NAPA), LocalAgriculture Program of Action (LAPA) and othereffective policies should be in place for theimprovement of food security in the country.
KEYWORDS Adaptation, climate change, foodsecurity and vulnerability
INTRODUCTIONAgriculture is prime concern of human being
and it plays a vital role in terms of employment as
Malla Ghanashyam
Agricultural Environment Research Division, NepalAgricultural Research Council, Kathmandu - Nepal
Ghanashyam Malla ( )E mail: [email protected]
well as food security in the world. Nepal isfinancially low resourceful and fourth mostvulnerable country to impact in world. Fragilegeology, inadequate human resources and pooreconomy are major constraint for agriculturaldevelopment in the country. Climate change isalready affecting food security of Nepal and isexpected to have even greater impacts in comingyears. Therefore, to reduce food crisis all climatezone, increasing productivity with relating climatechange; monsoon and temperature change is must.Air temperature, carbon dioxide concentration in theair, glacial run-off, precipitation pattern and theirinteraction are the most important factors governingagricultural productivity. In addition, also found thathousehold of poor people with small land holdingsize and lack of access to information and basicservices are more vulnerable than household of richerassets. Furthermore, poor people from Nepal aremore vulnerable to loss of physical, natural andfinancial properties due to climate change. The WorldRisk Index ranks it 99 out of 173 countries (6.2%) interms of overall risk scoring very high in terms ofvulnerability (61.7%) and high in terms ofsusceptibility (50.7%), lack of coping capabilities
(81.8%) and lack of adaptive capacities (52.5%); thecountry is ranked twelfth out of 162 in terms of riskof flooding (Anon 2011). The United NationsDevelopment Program (UNDP) estimates thatflooding in Nepal has on average killed almost 200
people, affected hundreds of thousands of lives, andcaused $35 million worth of damage every year since1980. Furthermore, hill agricultural system of thecountry is heavily depends on nature and naturalresources like: water, soil and forest and morevulnerable by the occurrence of extreme weatherevents such as rainfall, drought, floods, cold wavesand relative humidity. National adaptation program
POLICY PAPER
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 92-99, July December 2014DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00846.5
Baculoviruses as microbial insecticides
NIDHI AK PANDEYReceived: April 25, 2014; Revised: June 12, 2014; Accepted: June 25, 2014
ABSTRACT The use of conventional pesticides lead
to a myriad of problems such as environmentalpollution, pest resurgence, secondary pest outbreak andmany more. The present era is the era of newtechnologies that are novel, sustainable andenvironment friendly. Thus, when one talks about plant
protection, the techniques that fulfil the above criteriaare always welcome. One such technique is the use ofmicrobial insecticides against the major insect-pests.The use of pathogenic microorganisms for pest controlis not a new concept, but there have been continuousresearch and re-evaluations in the ongoingtechnologies, so as to create more potent products. Thenecessity of the baculoviruses is indispensable when it
comes to managing the pests. This can be proved bythe fact that a lot of countries including India havesuccessfully exploited this biopesticide against many
pests. The use of the contemporary technology, such asgene incorporation and genetic engineering has madethe products much more effective. Baculoviruses arerelatively very safe as they cause diseases in thearthropods only and no significant damage has beennoted in the non-target population. The prospects ofthis emerging biopesticide are immense. The use of
baculoviruses as potential microbial insecticides is theperfect choice under the current circumstances. Its usewill lead agriculture towards precision and
sustainability.
KEYWORDS Baculoviruses, microbial insecticide,pest resurgence, secondary outbreak
Nidhi Pandey AK
Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, GB PantUniversity of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar,Uttarakhand 263 145, India
Nidhi ( )E mail: [email protected], [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Microbial insecticides include microscopic livingorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, ornematodes) or the toxins produced by these organisms.They are formulated to apply as conventionalinsecticidal sprays, dusts, liquid drenches, liquidconcentrates, wettable powders or granules. Specific
properties of each product determine the ways in whichit can be used most effectively.
The deployment of pathogenic microorganismsfor pest control is not a new concept. Keenness in theuse of baculoviruses as pest-control agents dates back to1527, when the baculovirus disease of insects was foundduring studies of jaundice disease of the silkworm.
The viral dimension of the disease was confirmed by theyear 1947 and it soon became evident that these virusesare widespread in nature among economically importantinsect-pests occurring in nature, and so could be
promising in pest-management in agricultural practices.Fungal diseases have been used as a means of controlagainst a considerable number of economic insect pestssince the late 19th century (Charnley 1991). However,in the 1940s and 1950s all forms of biological controlof insect-pests suffered a decline because researchshifted to synthetic chemical insecticides and their
products. The synthetic chemicals have grave social aswell as ecological implications (toxicity, secondary pest
outbreak, etc.) thus putting them at bay and coming upwith other sustainable alternatives is the need of thehour (Yasuhisa 2007). Biopesticides pose less threat tothe environment and human health. They are generallyless toxic than chemical pesticides, often target specific,have little or no residual effects and have acceptabilityfor use in organic farming (Rai et al. 2013).
Baculoviruses belong to a virus family, that ispathogenic to arthropods with large circular, covalentlyclosed, and double-stranded DNA genomes that are
packaged into nucleocapsids. More than 700baculoviruses have been isolated from insects of theorders Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera(Moscardi 1999). Baculoviruses as microbial
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 100-105, July December 2014DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00847.7
Study on yak husbandry in Mustang district of Nepal
KP ACHARYA BK NIRMAL B POUDEL S BASTOLA MK MAHATO
GP YADAV K KAPHLEReceived: September 6, 2014; Revised: December 8, 2014; Accepted: December 12, 2014
ABSTRACT Traditional livestock productionsystems in highland areas of Nepal involve animals,especially yak and yak cattle hybrids as a source offood, prestige and security among the nomadiccommunities. Yak, which is also known as 'the camelof snow', is the livestock of choice among nomadiccommunities and is considered as the symbol ofwealth. This study was done to document the presentstatus of yak husbandry system, problems and pros-cons of transhumant pastoralism in the MustangDistrict of Nepal. 32 yak herders and 15 key persons,including the local leaders and traditional healers wereinterviewed with semi-structured questionnaires duringFebruary to May 2014. From this questionnaire surveyand field visits, it revealed that grazing system is theonly feeding system with little or no feedsupplementation. The population and herd size aredecreasing year by year. The herders are still followingthe uncontrolled methods of breeding with one maleserving all the females, till its productive age, with ahigh degree of inbreeding. Disease endemicity,shortage of pasture, closure of Tibetan border for
pasturing, increased draught period, lack of technicaland veterinary facilities and low productivity arecompelling herders to abandon the yak farming. They
Acharya KP, Nirmal BK, Poudel B3, Bastola S1, MahatoMK1, Yadav GP1, Kaphle K4
Department of Veterinary Medicine, 4Department ofTheriogenology, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science(IAAS), Tribhuwan University (TU), Chitwan, Nepal2National Livestock Breeding Centre (NLBC), Pokhara,
Nepal,3Animal Health Research Division (AHRD), NepalAgriculture Research Centre (NARC), Kathmandu, Nepal
KP Acharya ( )E-mail: [email protected]
are usually following their indigenous knowledge inthe treatment of disease, pests and poisoning with verylittle or no help from professional veterinarian.Although single species transhumant pastoralist ismoderately efficient with the integration of localknowledge in all aspects of animal husbandry, it needsto be strengthened by integration of scientific methodin breeding and feeding of yaks. Immediate strongextension programs, including the bilateralcoordination between yak herders and researchersshould be carried out, otherwise yak and their valuableresources will be rooted out from this country
KEYWORDS Yak husbandry, transhumant,
inbreeding, feeding, health care
INTRODUCTIONYak and yak hybrids are an important source of
livelihood of poor people living in the highland areasof Nepal. These highland animals are confined ataltitude above 2000 m amsl (Joshi et al. 1994, Shresthaet al. 1996, Neopane et al. 2005). In addition, yak isequally important for milk and meat production forlivelihood of people of the Himalayas. Milk is used for
butter and cheese production and long hair are used formaking blankets, kamlo, ropes and clothings (Joshi etal. 1982, Shrestha et al. 1996). Hide obtained fromanimal is used for products of leather and dung is usedas fertilizer to enrich their cultivated lands. Most of the
people of lower, Mustang depend on yak and yak cattle hybrids for their livelihoods. There are 70,165yak and yak hybrids in Nepal with 4,145 yaks/chauri inMustang district, Nepal (MoAD 2013, DLSO 2013).Although it is not too much economically feasible toraise yak and chauri they have no other alternativessuitable to utilize their local indigenous knowledge(Sherchand and Karki 1997). Similar to other yakrearing mountainous region of the world, transhumant
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 106-113, July December 2014DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00848.9
Growth indices of yield variability in wheat (Triticum
aestivumL.) under varying degree of shades
P LAKSHMANAKUMAR SK GURUReceived: August 25, 2014, Revised: December 4, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014
ABSTRACT Light is the main environmental factorwhich regulates growth and development of crop
plants. Decrease in light intensity due to shadingadversely affects plant growth and development. The
present study was conducted to analyze the effect ofvarying degree of shades on growth characteristics andyield of wheat crop. Two shading treatments wereapplied i.e. 33 % shading (L1) and 66 % shading (L2)with full sunlight as control (L0). The experiment wasconducted during the winter seasons of 20102011 in asplit-plot design with three replications with shading
treatments in the main plot and five varieties of wheatin the sub plots. The findings of the study showed thatthe mean crop growth rate, mean relative growth rate,net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio, leaf area index andspecific leaf weight were significantly influenced byincreasing shade. Grain yield of all the wheat varietiesdecreased with increase in shading. Varietal differencesin grain under shading are discussed in relation to leafarea index and crop growth rate.
KEYWORDS Light intensity, shading, crop growthrate, leaf area index, specific leaf weight
INTRODUCTIONLight is the main environment factor whichdetermines the rate of crop development possibly
because all plants and their process of development are
Lakshmanakumar P1 Guru SK2
1Department of Agronomy, VIA, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu 642 103, India2Department of Plant Physiology, College of Basic Sciencesand Humanities, GB Pant University of Agriculture andTechnology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145, India
P Lakshmanakumar ( )
E mail: [email protected]
sensitive to it. Light plays an important role in manyplant processes like chlorophyll synthesis, enzymeactivation, photosynthesis governing growth anddevelopment of plants. As a consequence of increase inaerosols, air pollutants and population density,dimming or shading (decrease in global radiation, i.e.the sum of the direct solar radiation and the diffuseradiation scattered by the atmosphere) have becomemajor challenges to crop production in many areas ofthe world (Mu et al. 2010).
Dimming or shading not only reduce radiation
but also increase the fraction of diffuse light and alterthe spectral quality. Diffuse light is more efficientlyutilized by plants and can offset small decrease indirect radiation and actually enhance the CO2uptake,
photosynthesis and plant growth. Meanwhile, withincreasing intensity of shading, the fraction of bluelight (400-500 nm) increases while of red light (600-700 nm) decreases, which might affect both
physiological parameters as well as plant morphologyi.e. main culm development, tillers appearance andstomatal conductance (Li et al. 2010).
Agroforestry is very specially stated to be asustainable land management system (King andChandler 1978). But more recently, the rational ofdeveloping agroforestry has been modified to includethree alternatives: a higher total, a more diversifiedand/or a more sustainable production from availableresources than is possible with other forms of land-use(Lundgren 1982). In any agroforestry system, tree-cropinteraction for solar radiation, moisture and mineralnutrients results in changed microclimates, which inturn affect the productivity of component crops. Whilemoisture and nutrient availability could beagronomically managed, varietal selection is moreimportant for shade tolerance in such a system. Seedgermination and yield reduction in various grain cropshave been reported due to such interactions (Prasad et
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 114-121, July December 2014DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00849.0
Effect of river mining on employment generation and
farming systems in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh
MS PATHANIA CHAMAN DIP SINGHReceived: October 25, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 6, 2014
ABSTRACT The sand and gravel are crucialresources extracted from rivers for economicdevelopment activities and their demand is increasingdue to economic development urbanization. The largeamount of boulders, cobbles and sand deposited inriverbed in Himachal Pradesh are protecting naturalvegetation. The study was conducted in Neugalcatchment area of Himachal Pradesh (India). It wasconcluded from the study that amount of river mining
materials extraction varies according to the season. Theemployment per household generated from sand, stoneand bajri extraction and transporting these materials todifferent destination was 1033 man days during theyear. The total variable expenditure incurred forextraction of river mining materials was varied from Rs95,178 in case of equines to Rs 2, 37,276 in case oftractors. The net returns from river mining material ontotal cost varied between Rs 20,167 to Rs 1, 55,837 perannum, while on variable cost the net returns varied
between Rs 24,167 to Rs 2, 28,392 for different meansof transportation. The response of sample extractorsabout the adoption of river mining occupation revealed
that poor family condition followed by no otheremployment, marginal holding, etc. were the mainreasons. The indiscriminate sand and stone extraction
Pathania MS Singh CD
Department of Agricultural Economics, CSK HimachalPradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh-176 062, India
MS Pathania ( )E-mail: [email protected],
from the rivers affect the water availability for irrigationand thereby affecting the productivity of the crops. Thearea under different crops in current season shifted frommore water requiring crops to less water requiring cropsdue to less water availability in the irrigation channels.The productivity of different crops and number ofirrigations used also changed over the period. So,conservation of water and land is important for their
productivity. The study suggested that the prudent
efforts should be made by government agencies forsystematic/scientific extraction of mining materials sothat water table of rivers may not adversely affectcropping system.
KEYWORDS Income and employment, croppingsystem, irrigation, water level
INTRODUCTIONLand and water are basic natural resources for
agriculture. About 52% of the population in India
depends on agriculture for its livelihood. The properutilization of land and water resources halts the processof degradation and increase crop productivity. The landdegradation may be due to improper agricultural
practices and mining. The indiscriminate sand andstone extraction from the rivers affect the wateravailability for irrigation and thereby affecting the
productivity of the crops (Selvakumar et al. 2008).Increasing population, growing urbanization and rapidindustrialization combined with the need for raisingagricultural production generate competing claims forland and water. The sand and gravel are crucialresources for economic development activities and
increasing urbanization, but their conservation is also
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 122-127, July December 2014DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00850.7
Nutritional status of lactating dairy cattle under rural
feeding management in Mizoram
RAJAT BURAGOHAIN GIRIN KALITAReceived: September 1, 2014, Revised: December 1, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014
ABSTRACT The study was to assess nutritionalstatus of lactating dairy cattle in Mizoram. Informationon feeding management and feed-stuffs of lactatingcows were collected from randomly selected dairyfarmers of Bawngkawn, Durtlang and Shiphir areas ofMizoram. Study revealed use of local forest grassesand tree fodders (MGTF) with concentrate mixture(CM) to dairy cows. The average dry matter (DM),crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN)intakes (kg/animal/day) were 13.720.27, 1.570.03and 6.880.10, indicating inadequate intakes based on
body weight, milk yield and milk fat % of dairy cows.The MGTF was found rich in macro and micro-minerals. The digestibility of nutrients was poorincluding crude protein (CP) 47.260.80 to 52.140.58%, ether extract (EE) 43.490.93 to 49.330.61 %,crude fibre (CF) 41.671.39 to 47.060.58. It wasconcluded from the study that inadequate DM, CP andTDN intakes and poor digestibility of nutrients might
be responsible for poor productivity of dairy cowsunder rural feeding management in Mizoram.
KEYWORDS Lactating cattle, nutrient digestibility,nutrient intake, Mizoram
INTRODUCTIONCrop husbandry, horticulture and livestock
rearing are integral parts of hill economy (Singh et al.2011, Choudhary et al. 2012). Rural economy of
Buragohain Rajat1 Kalita Girin2
1Department of Animal Nutrition, 2Department of LivestockProduction and Management, College of Veterinary Sciencesand Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University,
Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram - 796014, India
Rajat Buragohain ( )
E mail: [email protected]
Mizoram is agriculture and livestock based. However,due to low fertility, soil erosion and soil acidity,agricultural productivity is very low and farmersmostly depend on livestock farming for their livelihood(Sirohi and Chauhan 2010). The livestock sectorcontributes 30 % of the value of output fromagriculture and its allied sector, whereas dairy animalscontribute 22 % of the value of output from livestocksector in the state (Anon 2010).
The major constraint of dairy farming in thestate is shortage of nutritional feeds. Due to deficit
production of grains and more than 90 % of the feedingredients come from outside states. Nutritionaldemands of the animals are met mainly by the cropresidues, natural grasses, tree leaves and shrubs(Kumaresan et al. 2010). The farmers utilizeunconventional roughages with concentrate mixture forfeeding dairy animals. In the present study, an attemptwas made to appraise the existing feeding managementof dairy animals to assess their nutritional status inMizoram.
MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was conducted during June to
September, 2013 in Mizoram. Ten dairy farmers were
randomly selected from each of the study areas i.e.Bawngkawn, Durtlang and Shiphir of Aizawl district ofMizoram for survey. The feed-stuffs i.e. concentrateand roughages offered to the animals were collected atweekly interval from all the selected farmers duringJune to September. Weekly collection of concentratefeed and roughages from each location were pooledtogether, and six representative samples of them weretaken for analysis.
In the last week of every month, one farmerfrom each location was randomly selected and recordsof feed intake, feed refusal and faeces voided by theanimals were made. For every month, a separate
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 128-133, July December 2014DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00851.9
Genetic diversity of finger millet (Eleusine coracana)
genotypes for drought tolerance using RAPD markers
SHALANI GUPTA RASHMI GARGReceived: September 24, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 6, 2014
ABSTRACT In the present study the geneticdiversity among different finger millet genotypes withdifferent responses to drought stress was assessed withthe help of RAPD markers. Initial screening involved27 genotypes under drought conditions in laboratoryusing PEG-6000 treatment. Molecular characterizationof these finger millet genotypes was done througheighteen RAPD primers. In RAPD analysis the totalnumber of 25 bands was observed among the twentyseven finger millet genotypes. The number of scorablemarkers produced per primer ranged from 1 to 4 andsize of the products ranged from 250 bp to 1300 bp.The PIC values, a reflection of allele diversity andfrequency among the varieties, was highest for 35 ME10T 23 primer and ranged from 0.659 (OPK 11 F) to0.966 (35 ME 10T 23) with an average of 0.812. Theresolving power varies from 0.370 (35 ME 10T23) to4.07 (OPJ 13F) with a mean value of 2.89. The Geneticsimilarity coefficient was highest (0.0.96) among fourgenotypic pairs while the lowest similarity index (0.28)was recorded by genotype PRM 8109 in pair with fivegenotypes viz PRM 701, PRM 8122, PRM 8104, PRM6112 and PRM 6122 indicating them to be quitediverse. Cluster analysis by UPGMA method groupedthe twenty seven finger millet genotypes into twodistinct major clusters of 14 genotypes in one cluster
and rest of the genotypes in the other clusterindicating presence of genetic diversity among thegenotypes at molecular level.
Gupta Shalani Garg Rashmi
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering,College of Biotechnology, Sardar Vallabhbhai PatelUniversity of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, UttarPradesh -250 110, India
Shalani Gupta ( )E mail: [email protected]
KEYWORDS Drought stress, finger millet, PEG-6000, RAPD marker, drought tolerance index
INTRODUCTIONFinger millet also known as ragi is an important
nutricereal small millet grown in South Asia and EastAfrica. The cultivated finger millet (Eleusine coracanaL.) is a tetraploid (2n=4x=36), belongs to family
poaceae and is considered to be a native crop ofCentral Africa (Hilu and deWet 1976). Finger millet isa hardy crop as it is well adapted to a wide range ofenvironmental conditions. Its wide adaptability todiverse environments and cultural conditions makes it a
potential food crop. It is grown mainly by subsistencefarmers and serves as a food security crop because ofits high-nutritional value and excellent storagequalities. To date most varieties of finger millet arefrom germplasm selections as there are very few
breeding activities on the crop. Hybridization betweencultivated types or between wild and cultivated typesmay have potential in improving finger millet. Pant andSrivastava (2014) studied economics of finger milletcultivation in hill area and found that Kumaon regionhas vast potential to grow finger millet on commercial
basis.
DNA based molecular markers which haveproven to be powerful tools in the assessment ofgenetic variation and genetic relationships within andamong species can be utilized for studying this croptoo. Molecular markers are characterized by theirabundance and are unaffected by environmentalinfluence (Ram et al 2007). They provide unambiguousestimates of genetic variability of populations. Thisinformation regarding genetic variability at molecularlevel can help to identify and develop geneticallyunique germplasm that complement the existing
cultivars (Chakravarthi and Naravaneni 2006).
Genetic improvement of the crop depends onthe amount of genetic variability present in the
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 134-138, July December 2014DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00852.0
Optimization of parameters for storage of biocolour
extracted from citrus peel
ALKESH VS BARWAL RAKESH SHARMAReceived: September 13, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 6, 2014
ABSTRACT Efforts were made to optimize theconditions for storage of carotenoids extracted fromcitrus peel. The crude carotenoids pigment was treatedwith different antioxidants viz. butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT) @ 0.015 per cent, ascorbic acid @ 500
ppm, tertiary butylhudroquinone (TBHQ) @ 0.02 percent and potassium metabisulphite (KMS) @ 1000
ppm and packed in transparent glass vials (TGV) aswell as amber glass vials (AGV) and stored at ambientand refrigerated temperature for a period of 90 days.During storage, it was found that BHT treated samplehad remained higher carotenoids content (192.6 mg/g)even after 90 days of storage than those treated withKMS and ascorbic acid (186.4 and 182.5 mg/g),respectively. Further, the crude carotenoids pigment
packed in AGV and stored under refrigeratedtemperature had retained significantly highercarotenoids content and tintometer reading (yellow andred units) compared to those packed in TGV whichwere stored at ambient temperature. Conclusively,carotenoids extracted from citrus peel treated [email protected]%, packed in AGV and stored underrefrigerated temperature were optimized.
KEYWORDS Citrus peel, carotenoids, temperature,
antioxidants, storage, packaging material
Alkesh1 Barwal VS2 Sharma Rakesh3
1Punjab State Council for Science and Technology,Chandigarh -160 019, India2Regional Horticulture Research Station, Bajaura, DisttKullu, Himachal Pradesh -175 125, India3Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr YSParmarUniversity of Horticulture and Forestry, nauni, Solan,Himachal Pradesh 173 230, India
Rakesh Sharma ( )
E mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTIONCitrus fruits belonging to family Rutaceae
include several fruits such as orange, mandarin, lemon,limes, tangerines, satsumas etc. Citrus group representsthe third most important fruit in India, next to mangoand banana. In India, citrus fruits are grown inMaharastra, Andra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala,Punjab and mid-hills and lower valley area ofHimachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand (Sharma et al. 2001and 2004, Dasmohapatra et al 2011, Sharma 2012,
NHB 2013). The citrus fruit residues, remaining afterjuice extraction, represent approximately one-fourth ofthe whole fruit mass which impose heavy burden onfactories and cause enormous environmental problems(El-Sharnouby et al. 2013). However, this waste is a
potential source of bioactive compounds likecarotenoid pigments. Such pigments have wideapplication as natural colorants in various food
products (Khoo et al. 2011). Colour is one of the mostimportant factors affecting quality and palatability ofthe foods among different consumers by maintainingthe original food appearance even after processing andduring storage (Chattopadhyay et al. 2008). In recentyears, there has been considerable concern about theuse safety of synthetic dyes used in processed foods,which has necessitated the need to exploit food
colourants of natural origin (Prasad et al. 1993, Joshi etal. 2012). Natural food colour is any dye, pigment orany other substance generally extracted from biologicalorigin like fruits, vegetable, animal, mineral,microorganisms, or any other source capable ofcolouring food, drug, cosmetic or any part of human
body are called as Biocolours (Pattnaik et al.1999,Sharma and Guleria 2005, Joshi et al. 2012). Amongthese, carotenoids have been found most suitable foryellow, orange, and red colours, however, theirsusceptibility to auto-oxidation has restricted theirusage in food products (Ting and Hendrickson 1969,Joshi et al. 2012). Therefore, the study was conducted
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 139-143, July December 2014DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00853.2
Influence of planting geometry on performanceof China
aster genotypes under mid hill conditions of Uttarakhand
NEERAJ PANDEY VK RAOReceived: October 15, 2014; Revised: November 25, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014
ABSTRACT The present investigations were carriedout to evaluate performance of three genotypes ofchina aster (Phule Ganesh Violet, Phule Ganesh Purple,Phule Ganesh Pink), planted at different geometry (30cm x 30 cm, 40 cm x 40 cm, 50 cm x 50 cm) in arandomized block design. Results indicate that allvegetative and floral traits were significantlyinfluenced by treatment variables. Phule Ganesh Pinkrecorded higher flower yield i.e. 126.23 g/plant whichdiffered significantly from Phule Ganesh Purple andPhule Ganesh Violet. Flower yield component likenumber of flowers was significantly higher in Phule
Ganesh Pink compared to other genotypes but numberof flowers per plant and number of flowers per 100 gwere significantly higher in Phule Ganesh Violet.Among planting geometries, 50 cm x 50 cm recordedsignificantly highest flower yield (109 g/plant).
KEYWORDS China aster, varieties, plantinggeometries
INTRODUCTIONFlowers have always fascinated and dazzled
man from being an object of beauty and splendor.Blooms are now rapidly emerging as a money spinning
commodity in the global trade. Fresh flowers are one ofthe main components in floriculture trade as well as inour lives (Sharma 2012, Wilson et al. 2013). Chinaaster (Callistephus chinensis(L.) Nees.), belonging tofamily Asteraceae is one of the important commercialflower crops of our country and is native to China.
Pandey Neeraj Rao VK
Department of Horticulture, College of AgricultureGB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology,Pantnagar, Uttarakhand - 263 145, India
VK Rao ( )
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
The genus Callistephus derived its name fromtwo greek words Kalistos and Stephos meaning most
beautiful and a crown respectively. Cassini describedthe China aster as Callistephus hortensis. It was firstnamed by Linnaeus as Aster chinensis and Neeschanged this name to Callistephus chinensis. It is oneof the most important annual flower crops. Amongannual flowers, it ranks third next only toChrysanthemum and Marigold (Sheela 2008). Itscultivation has become popular around the cities for itsextensive use as cut flower. It is used in making
bouquets, buttonholes and garlands. In ornamental
gardening, it finds use as a bedding plant, pot plant andherbaceous border. The plants of China aster are erectand attain a maximum height of 60-80 cm dependingupon the genotypes. Crop management involvesdecision making on several cultural practices aimed tomaximize flower yield, like planting geometry. So,yield of a crop is the result of final plant population.Establishment of optimum plant population is essentialto get maximum yield. There have been many studiesto determine the optimum plant density for China aster.However, there is no single recommendation for allenvironmental factors as well as controlled factors suchas soil fertility, variety, planting date and planting
pattern. The practice of spacing varies with the habit ofthe cultivars and also regions. High plant density bringsout various modifications in the growth of plants.Increased flower production, quality of flowers and
perfection in the form of plants are the importantobjectives to be reckoned in commercial flower
production.Though, quality of cut flowers is primarily a
varietal trait, it is greatly influenced by climatic,geographical, nutritional and plant density factors.There is a vast scope of growing China aster inUttarakhand throughout the year except in severewinters and scorching summer months for the purposeof cut flowers and loose flower production. Since there
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 144-149, July December 2014DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00854.4
Effect of removal of browning substrates on sensory quality
of orange juice and semi-concentrates during storage
SK SHARMA SHASHIBALA JUYALReceived: November 02, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 6, 2014
ABSTRACT Effect of removal of reaction substrate(amino acids) from sweet orange juice by using cationexchange resin (CER) was studied for browningreduction and retention of sensory qualitycharacteristics of single strength juice and semi-concentrates of 15 and 30 oBrix during storage. Singlestrength juice alongwith semi-concentrates of 15 and30 oBrix were stored for a period of one month at threestorage conditions viz., refrigerated condition (6+2 oC,92 % RH), ambient condition (room temperature i.e.20+4 oC, 73% RH) and accelerated temperature (37+2oC, 65% RH). The concentrates prepared from cation
exchange resin treated juice exhibited higher sensoryscores w.r.t. colour, flavor and overall acceptability.Overall acceptability of the product ranged between8.08 and 7.27 on 9 point hedonic scale, at variousintervals upto 30 days of storage. Significantly higherscore was obtained by the products prepared from CERtreated juice (8.03) as compared to that of those
prepared from untreated juice (7.33). Concentratesstored at lower temperatures experiences lesserchanges and thus better sensory scores at all storageintervals.
KEYWORDS Sweet orange, non-enzymatic
browning, cation exchange resin, concentrates, sensoryquality
Sharma SK 1 Juyal Shashibala2
1Department of Food Science and Technology, College ofAgriculture, GB Pant University of Agriculture andTechnology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand - 263 145, India2Department of Horticulture, College of Forestry and HillAgriculture, Ranichauri, Tehri-Garhwal, Uttarakhand249 199, India
SK Sharma ( )
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTIONIndia is one of the leading producers of fruits
and vegetables in the world. In India, Citrus crops ranknext only to banana and mango in production.However, among citrus fruits, sweet orange andmandarin are most important, with an annual
production of 3.52 and 2.91 million tonnes respectively(NHB 2013). In India, the main citrus producing statesare Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana andRajasthan, However these crops are also cultivated inhill states including Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhandand north-eastern states (Sharma 2012, NHB 2013).
Main varieties of sweet orange in India beingcultivated on commercial scale are Blood Red,Mosambi and Satgudi, however, cv. Malta Commonis very popular in regions of Punjab, Haryana andUttarakhand (Chadha 2006, Sharma 2012). Sweetorange juice is canned, frozen, converted into
beverages or chemically preserved either as naturalsingle strength juice or after concentration. But,
browning of citrus juices and beverages duringpreparation as well as storage has been recognized as abig problem for the fruit processing industry (Sharmaet al. 2006). Browning not only affects the colour ofthe product but also leads to undesirable changes in
sensory quality attributes i.e. taste, flavour, overallacceptability etc., due to formation of various reactionintermediates mainly furfuraldehyde, hydroxyl methylfurfural (HMF) etc. (Sharma et al. 2001, 2004a, b,2013, 2014)
Low temperature reduces changes in colour andother sensory characteristics but it is commerciallyunfeasible. Therefore an effort was made to retard suchchanges in malta juice by removal of browningreaction substrates (amino acids) by cation exchangeresin treatment as per standardized method (Sharma etal. 2014, Juyal and Sharma 2014) as presented in Fig 1.
The present investigation was designed to
evaluate the effect of cation exchange resin treatment
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 150-157, July December 2014DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00855.6
Socio-economic features of farm households- a comparative
study of hill and plain regions of Uttarakhand, India
SWATI GOSWAMI SK SRIVASTAVAReceived: November 12, 2014; Revised: December 10, 2014; Accepted: December 12, 2014
ABSTRACT A study was conducted to compare thesocio-economic status of farm households of hill and
plain regions of Uttarakhand, India. A multi stagestratified random sampling technique was employed toselect 75 sample farmers. Analysis based on primarydata indicated that the average operational holding of
plain region (2.88 ha) was more than six times higher ascompared to hilly region (0.43 ha). Average householdsize in the plain region (5.47) was more as compared tohilly region (5.02). Man equivalent family size foroverall farm household of the hill region was 3.61 whilethat in plains was 3.91. Man equivalent farm family size
was 3.73 for entire region including hills and plains.The proportion of primary and middle education level offarmers was high in plain region as compared to hillyregion, whereas the proportion of farmers educated upto high school and intermediate is slightly higher inhilly region as compared to plain region. In hills majorcontribution to total income was from non-farm sector(about 80 %) while, in plains on-farm enterprises playedthe important role by contributing three forth of farmhousehold income. On overall basis in the state theshare of on-farm activities was about 48 % and rest52 % contributed by non-farm sectors, in the farmhouseholds total income.
KEYWORDS Socio-economic, hill altitude, on-farmincome, non-farm income, farm size group, plain,operational holding
Goswami Swati Srivastava SK
Department of Agricultural Economics, GB Pant University ofAgriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand - 263145, India
SK Srivastava ( )E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTIONUttarakhand is one of the hilly states in the
Indian Himalayas. Initially a part of Uttar Pradesh,Uttarakhand (formerly called Uttaranchal) was createdas the 27th state of the Indian Union on November 9th,2000 by carving out the 13 districts (11 hill districts and2-districts from adjoining plain region) of Uttar Pradesh.It lies in the Northern part of India between the latitudes28o43-31o27N and longitudes 77o34- 81o02E havinga maximum dimension of east - west 310 km and 255km north - south covering an area of 53,484 km2withthe elevation ranging from 210 to 7817 amsl. The state
shares international border with China (Tibet) in theNorth and Nepal in the East and interstate boundarieswith Himachal Pradesh in the West, Northwest andUttar Pradesh in the South. The State of Uttarakhandhas high degree of agro-climatic diversity and economic
backwardness. Total area under agriculture in the stateis only 0.75 million ha which accounts to only13.3 % ofthe total reported area (Raghav and Srivastava 2013).People psyche is generally governed by social trapwhere they can just visualize the immediate benefits andnot the temporal cost (Choudhary and Srivastava 2014).
The economic deprivation in region is not onlybecause of small land holdings but also because of
unproductive land use due to rainfed and operationalconstraints faced due to harsh physical conditions. Landbeing the most important natural resource deserves thetop priority in the study of agricultural development of acountry or a region (Srivastava 2011). Major operationalconstraints include undulating nature of farm holdingcoupled with inequitable agrarian structure, absence ofland consolidation, poor infrastructure and marketing ofagricultural products, and most importantly theecological handicaps incidental to mountainous area.The farm households are mostly characterized by low
productivity of crop and livestock, poor incomeunemployment, small and fragmented land holdings(Raghav and Srivastava 2014) with most of the farmers.
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 158-162, July December 2014DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00856.8
Feeding behaviour of Murrah buffalo calves under different
housing systems
AMIT KUMAR AK SINGH NEELKANTReceived: October 1, 2014; Revised: December 2, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014
ABSTRACT The study was conducted on nutrientand water intake in Murrah buffalo calves for period of190 days to find out the different feeding regimes onsixteen Murrah buffalo calves of pre-ruminant age i.e.20 days age group, were divided into four groups i.e.T1and T2animals fed (individually), where as T3 andT4 animals fed to 100 % and 120 % ICARrecommended level of nutrients, respectively. Alongwith reared in individual and group feeding system.There were four animals in each treatment group. Thefeeds and fodders available were concentrate mixture,
berseem, sorghum, mustard and sugarcane top .The
average daily DM, CP and TDN intake per 100 kgbody weight and per kg W0.75were significant (P
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 163-167, July December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00857.X
Response of plant spacing and pruning intensity on yield
contributing characteristics of guava cv. Pant Prabhat
PRABHAKAR JOSHI SHANT LAL PANKAJ NAUTIYAL MAHESH PALReceived: November 5, 2014; Revised: December 3, 2014; Accepted: December 12, 2014
ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to
evaluate effect of pruning on yield characteristics in
guava. The treatments were consisted of two plant
spacing (i.e. 2.0 x 1.0 m and 2.0 x 2.0 m) and three
pruning intensities i.e., one fourth, half and three fourth
shoot pruning with un-pruned treated as control. The
emergence of new shoots and flower buds per plant were
maximum at wider spacing (2.0 x 2.0 m) for winter
season crop. Three fourth shoot pruning provedsignificantly superior over other pruning treatments foremergence of new shoots and number of flower buds per
plant for winter season crop. The treatment consisted of
2.0 x 2.0 m plant spacing and three fourth shoot pruning
was found superior in this regard, significantly higher
fruit set (68.42 %) was recorded with treatment
combination of 2.0 x 2.0 m plant spacing and three
fourth shoot pruning for winter season crop. Reverse
trend was observed in case of % flower/fruit drop during
both the years. Number of fruits and yield per plant
increased with increase in plant spacing. However, yieldon the basis of per hectare was found higher with closerspacing (2.0 x 1.0 m). Treatment combination of 2.0 x
1.0 m plant spacing and three fourth shoot pruning gave
maximum yield (238.75 q/ha) during winter
season.
KEYWORDS Guava, plant spacing, high density,
shoot pruning, winter season
Joshi Prabhakar Lal Shant Nautiyal Pankaj Pal Mahesh
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, GBPant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar,Uttarakhand 263 145, India
Pankaj Nautiyal ( )
E mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTIONGuava (Psidium guajava L.), the poor mans
fruit or apple of the tropics is a popular fruit tree of
the tropical and subtropical climate and is native to the
tropical America stretching from Mexico to Peru. It is
the fourth most important fruit crop after mango,
banana and citrus in India and considered as one of the
exquisite, nutritionally valuable and remunerative crop.
The fruit is an excellent source of ascorbic acid (260mg/100 g), pectin (1.15 %), minerals like phosphorous(23-27 mg/100 g), calcium (14-30 mg/100 g) etc as
well as vitamins like vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin,
pantothenic acid and niacin (Sharma 2010, Bhatt et al.
2014). It is one of the most referred and legendry fruit
because of its hardy and prolific bearing nature even in
marginal lands (Singh et al. 2007). Guava is
successfully grown all over India. In India, it has
become fourth important fruit crop, contributing 3.9 %
of total fruit production with estimated production of
3318 thousand tonnes from 244 thousand ha (NHB2013).
Although there was increase in area and
production of fruits during last decade in the country,
productivity did not show significant increase.
Generally guava is cultivated through traditional
planting system. In which it is very difficult to achievedesirable level of production. Moreover, in this system
guava tree takes 4-5 years for coming into commercial
bearing and thus maximize the overall cost of
production per unit area, because large trees provide
low production per unit area. Guava is a pruning
responsive crop, shoot pruning have been reported tobe successful in regulating bahar in guava. Shootpruning is also helpful in reducing the tree size and
improving the fruit quality and provide opportunity to
increase the number of trees per unit area (Lal et al.
2000). Similarly, growth of guava plant is also variable
under different planting systems (Lal et al. 2007).
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 168-170, July December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00858.1
Variability and correlation studies in diallel cross of tomato
(Solanumlycopericum L.)
AK SHARMA JAIPAULReceived: April 10, 2014; Revised: June 28, 2014; Accepted: July 10, 2014
ABSTRACT Heritability, genetic advance and
correlation of yield and its component was worked out
in 8x8 diallel set of tomato. Heritability estimates and
expected genetic advance (as percent of mean) were
found to be high for plant height, fruit weight, numberof fruits per cluster, yield per plant and severity of
Alternaria blight. There appeared a scope for selectionand breeding for improvement in all these characters.
Yield per plant was associated with plant height,
harvest duration, number of fruits per cluster. Pericarp
thickness was negatively associated with the number of
locules per fruit.
KEYWORDSTomato, variability, correlation, diallele
cross, quality
INTRODUCTIONTomato is becoming an important off-season
vegetable crop of the Uttarakhand hills. Firm fruited,round and indeterminate plant type is the basic
requirement of tomato cultivars suited for the hill
farming. In the hilly tract of state, a large number of
hybrids are cultivated over areas during the summer or
rainy season. It was estimated that over an area of 4000
ha is under cultivation in the mid and high hill area ofthe state.
Sharma AK1 JaiPaul
2
1Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jakhdhar, Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand- 246 171, India2Department of Soil Science, GB Pant University ofAgriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand -263 145, India
AK Sharma ( )E mail: [email protected],
Development of hybrid and selection of parents
for hybrids is guided by agro-climatic conditions of the
area, where these are required to be grown. Being off-
seasonal a large bulk of tomatoes are transported to the
plain areas during the rainy season. The geneticimprovement in yield of any crop is possible only if
enough genetic diversity exists. Genetic diversitystudies are being conducted in various crops to access
suitability of different varieties in specific agro-
climatic conditions (Chadha and Bhushan 2012, 2013,
Mishra et al. 2013, Rawat et al. 2014).
Yield is undoubtedly an important parameter for
selection of parents. This trait is in generally
polygenically controlled and highly influenced by
environmental factors. Therefore, it is essential to
partition the overall variability into heritable and non-
heritable components, which will enhance the precisionof selection. Again selection of one trait influence a
large number of associated traits, which makes itnecessary to find out interrelationship of various
components both among themselves and with the yield.
Therefore, present experiment was conducted with the
objective to ascertain variability and correlation
parameters to facilitate breeding of modern varieties /
hybrids of tomato suited for hill farming.
MATERIALS AND METHODSA diallel cross of selected eight varieties/lines
viz. Solan Vajr, Arka Saurabh, V-16, H711492, Pepsi-
92, Magna, AC-402 and LA-2992 representing
considerable spectrum of variation for different
quantitative characters were used in the present set of
experiment. All the eight parents and twenty eight F1
were frown in randomized block design (RBD) with
three replication during summer month at VCSGCollege of Horticulture, Bharsar, Pauri, Uttarakhand.
Transplantation of seedling was carried out in second
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 171-173, July December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00859.3
Effect of different chemicals for management ofHelicoverpa
armigera(Hubner) in pigeonpea
SURENDRA PRASAD RK JHAReceived: September 13, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 6, 2014
ABSTRACT Field experiments were carried out at
ten locations of Manjhi block of Saran District (Bihar)during 2011 and 2012 on pigeonpea crop cv NDA-1 to
find out the efficacy of different chemicals against pod
borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). The
investigation revealed that technology option first
comprised of spraying of spinosad 45.1 SC @ 0.33ml/litre water followed by technology 2
nd spraying of
imidacloprid 14.8 SC @ 0.33 ml/litre water at ten
locations were most effective against pod borer. The
maximum grain yield was observed in technology first16.2 and 18.4 q/ha, respectively which was
significantly superior over all the treatments. The
studies conducted on impact of various technologyoptions showed that net return was also higher in
technology first (Rs. 56608 and Rs. 56660) during both
years.
KEYWORDS Pigeonpea, pod borer, chemicals,economics
INTRODUCTIONPigeonpea is one of the most important pulse crops in
India. Despite the fact that a large number of highyielding varieties have been released, productivity of
this crop remains stagnant at around 500-700 kg/ha
as compared to its potential yield (1500-3000 kg/ha,early long duration) for the past 3-4 decades, largely
Prasad Surendra Jha RK
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Manjhi, Saran, Rajendra AgriculturalUniversity, Pusa, Bihar 841 313, India
Surendra Prasad ( )
E mail: [email protected]
due to insect pest damage (Sharma and Pampapathy,
2004). It is attacked by more than 250 species of insect,of which pod borer Helicoverpa armigera Hubner is
the a major pest in most parts of the country (Shanower
et al 1999). Excessive and indiscriminate use of
pesticides to control these pests has resulted in
undesirable ecological changes (Mahappatro and Gupta1998). In view of the above, evaluation and adoption of
different chemicals for management of pod borer in
holistic manner incorporating judicious use of newly
introduced modern pesticides seem to be bestalternative. Hence, the present investigation was
carried out to study the effectiveness of different
chemicals against pod borer in Saran district of Bihar.
MATERIALS AND METHODSThe field experiments were carried out at ten
locations of Manjhi block near Krishi Vigyan Kendra,Manjhi (Bihar) for two consecutive years of 2011 and
2012. The trials were laid out in randomized block
design with ten replications in 170 sqm plot size.
Narendra Arhar-1 was sown in first week of July with a
spacing of 100 x 25 cm. All the agronomical practices
recommended to raise the good crops followed.Spraying of spinosad 45.1 SC @ 1 ml/3 litre of water
and imidachloprid 17.8 SC @ 1 ml / 3 litre of water i.e.
first and second technology option with compared tofarmers practices (spraying of dimethoate 30 EC 1
lit/ha) on farmer field at 50% flower were initiated.
After treatments ten plants were randomly selected andtagged in each plot. Observations were made on related
problem addressed to average numbers of infested pod
per plant and average number of infested grain per pod
at 170 and 190 days after sowing, Weight of healthy
grain per square meter, 1000 healthy grain weight and
yield q/ha were calculated. Gross return Rs./ha, net
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 174-178, July December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00860.X
Constraints in adoption of farming systems on tribal farms
in Uttarakhand
SHALINI RAGHAV SK SRIVASTAVAReceived: November 12, 2014; Revised: December 10, 2014; Accepted: December 12, 2014
ABSTRACT The main aim of the study was to find
out the various factors (technological, institutional andinfrastructural) affecting the adoption of existing
farming systems on tribal farms. The study was carried
out in the tarai region of Uttarakhand. Udham Singh
Nagar district of Uttarakhand had been selected to
represent the tarai region of the state. Various
constraints perceived by the tribal farmers in adopting
different farming systems (crop+livestock,
crop+livestock+orchard, only crop and only livestock
farming systems) were identified. The data were
collected through interview schedules from 60 tribal
farmers of the study area. It was found that lack ofadoption of improved seed and its practices, diseaseincidence, high cost of farm input, fragmented land,
lack of credit facility, poor linkage with extension
agencies, lack of input supply at proper time, lack of
efficient marketing and lack of knowledge were the
major constraints in crop based farming systems. Low
availability of quality fodder, low milk yielding breed,
lack of suitable animal house, high cost of inputs,
inadequate pasture, poor linkage with extension
agencies and lack of knowledge are the major
constraints operating under all the farming systemsexcept crop farming system. Due to high cost of inputs
Raghav Shalini1 Srivastava SK2
1Department of Agricultural Economics, Institute ofAgricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi,
Uttar Pradesh - 221 005, India2Department of Agricultural Economics, GB Pant Universityof Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand -263 145, India
SK Srivastava ( )E-mail: [email protected],
they didnt use plant protection, chemical, fertilizers,
etc. in sufficient quantity in case of crop productionand orchard enterprise. Therefore, agricultural
extension services should be improved for the tribal
farms in the study area to educate the tribal farmers in
using new agricultural technology. Input supply system
also needs to be improved for supply of agro-inputs at
reasonable prices. Improvement in the economic well-
being of farmers can be made through the adoption of
improved breed of livestock.
KEYWORDS Tribal farmers, farming system,
constraints, adoption, crop, livestock
INTRODUCTIONAgriculture is a critical sector of the Indian
economy. India accounts for only about 2.4 % of
worlds geographical area and 4 % of its water
resources but has to support 17 % of worlds human
population and 15 % of the livestock. Though
agriculture sectors contribution to the overall Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) of India has fallen from about
30 % in 1990-91 to less than 14 % in 2012-13, a trendthat is expected in the development process of any fast
growing economy, agriculture is still of paramountimportance for economic development of the country.
Furthermore, the share of agriculture in Indias exports
was around 18-20 % in 1990s which has now
decreased to around 10-12 %. However, half of the
Indias population still relies on agriculture as it is the
principal source of their income and an important
source of raw material for a large number of industries.
Land being the most important natural resource
deserves the top priority in the study of agriculturaldevelopment of a country or a region (Srivastava2011).
Agriculture including crop and animal
husbandry, fisheries, forestry and agro processing
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 179-181, July December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00861.1
Effect of clonal rootstock on growth and yield of spur type
apple cultivars under high density plantation in
Uttarakhand
AK SHARMA JAIPAULReceived: May 2, 2014; Revised: August 16, 2014; Accepted: August 25, 2014
ABSTRACT Two year experiment on pruning
intensity of six new and spur cultivars of apple (Gale
Gala, Early Red One, Super Chief, Red Fuji, Oregon
Spur-II and Red Chief) was conducted at Govt
Horticulture Orchard, Chaubattia, Almora, Uttarakhandto evaluate the performance of five year old cultivars
raised on clonal rootstocks. Significant differenceswere recorded among growth parameters in all tested
cultivars during both years. Gale Gala out-yielded
other cultivars with maximum production of 19.52
tonnes/ha in 2010, closely followed by Red Chief and
Oregon Spur.
KEYWORDS Apple, clonal rootstocks, delicious
group, spur type cultivars, high density plantation
INTRODUCTIONApple is an important fruit occupying a major
place in economy of Uttarakhand (Sharma 2012). Theyield levels of apple are low due to inadequate use of
planting material and imbalanced nutrition of crops,
apart from other factors. In the hilly tracts, fruit
cultivation on sloppy areas causes many production
problems, influence tree growth and productivity. The
productivity of apple in different hill state ranges from3.5 tonnes/ha to 12 tonnes/ha, which is much less as
Sharma AK1 JaiPaul
2
1Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jakhdhar, Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand- 246 171, India2Department of Soil Science, GB Pant University ofAgriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand-263 145, India
AK Sharma ( )E mail: [email protected],
compared to the world average of 30 tonnes/ha. The
major constraints of low productivity can be
enumerated as changing climate, unhealthy soil, steep
slopes, irrigation facilities, traditional orchard
practices. The growth and productivity of apple inIndian conditions can be optimized by adopting the
improved high yielding cultivars and standard clonalrootstock and management practices (Sharma and
Chauhan 1990). Although apple plantations have been
raised on seedling rootstocks in various states of the
country, use of clonal rootstocks can increase crop
productivity, and influence scion vigour is well
(Sharma et al. 2013). The productivity of temperate
fruits can be increased by high density planting, which
is possible by use of size controlling clonal rootstocks.
The idea of present investigation was to evaluate the
influence of different stock-scion combinations on thegrowth, cropping parameters and to find out best
stock-scion combination suited to agro-climaticconditions of Uttarakhand.
MATERIALS AND METHODSThe experiment was conducted at Govt.
Horticulture Orchard Chaubattia, Uttarakhand. The
orchard is located at an elevation of 7160 feet abovemean sea level. Five years old healthy and uniform
plants were selected for the experiment. Apple
cultivars Gale Gala, Early Red One, Super Chief, RedFuji, Organ Spur-II, Red Chief and rootstock EMLA-
27 were used in experiment design. The experiment
was laid in RBD with three replications and threeplants in each replication. The planting density in
mother orchard was 1600 trees/ha.
Tree volume (m2) was calculated for the data on
height and spread measurement according to formula
suggested by Westwood (1993). The trunk girth (cm)
was measured with help of measuring tape at height of
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 182-185, July December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00862.3
Heterotic vigour studies in forage sorghum hybrid by
multiple criteria
BIRENDRA PRASADReceived: September 1, 2014; Revised: December 1, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014
ABSTRACT The parental lines PC-23 R, 2219 Aand 2219 B were used to produce the forage sorghum
hybrid, PCH-106 under 5 different planting ratio ofseed and pollen parent viz 4:2, 6:2, 8:2, 10:2 & 12:2
and also with 3 times of staggered sowing of R line
each after 7 days under 4:2. The impact of hybridity in
F1 seed was highly significant and positive over
parental lines. The hybrid seed, produced through
different planting ratio and staggered planting under
test were significantly vigorous over parent with
respect to most of the vigour test except PC-23 R,
result at par with hybrid seed in first count and speed ofgermination. The influence of planting ratio and
staggered planting of pollen parent in hybrid seed
production with respect to seed vigour was nonsignificant.
KEYWORDS Heterosis, seed vigour, forage
sorghum, hybrid, parental lines
INTRODUCTIONSorghum is not only a grain crop but also an
important fodder crop in the country. It is being the
most important fodder crop of both summer and
kharif seasons and with proven potential for yields,may realm as the guiding element in the presentscenario of fodder deficit. Heterosis studies conducted
on grain sorghum hybrids for stover yield and
Prasad Birendra
Department of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, GB
Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar,Uttarakhand 263 145, India
Birendra Prasad ( )
E mail: [email protected]
morphological traits generated the idea of developingforage sorghum hybrids (Giriraj and Goud 1981,
Kulkarni and Shinde 1985). To exploit the fodder yieldheterosis, the development of multicut sorghum
hybrids between sorghum (S. bicolor) and sudan grass
(S. sudanense) is an important area of research to
achieve the quantum jump in fodder yield. In hybrid
seed production involving CGMS lines, effective
pollen spread from the male parent and pollination are
important to determine the seed setting and yield
(Prasad et al. 2005). The differential behaviour of
parental lines in flowering habit result in nonsynchronization of parents giving rise to poor seed set.
Therefore, knowledge of the behaviour of parental
lines for the flowering habit is not only essential butalso very useful for careful planning of suitable
staggering to ensure nicking and thereby ensuring
maximum seed set.
Seed vigour has been recognized as one of the
important aspects of the seed quality and provide a
reproducible results which is more closely correlated
with emergence in the field (Kumar and Chandra
2014). It is an examination of seed under specific
environment conditions so as to provide means of
evaluating the heterotic potential of hybrid seed overparental lines in the laboratory. Seed vigour is aninherent character and an important attributes of seed
quality indicating the degree of aliveness. The
differential behaviour of seed vigour for F1hybrid seed
over parental lines is attributed to its heterotic
potential. Through seed vigour studies level of
heterosis of hybrid seed may presume in laboratory
before planting in the field. Therefore, the present
investigation was carried out to know the heterotic
potential with respect to seed vigour in F1 forage
sorghum hybrid, PCH-106 produced through differentplanting ratio, staggered planting over parental lines.
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 186-189, July December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00863.5
Genetic variability of tomato genotypes for yield and other
horticultural traits
V SINGH KH NASEERUDDIN DK RANAReceived: November 21, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 10, 2014
ABSTRACT Sixteen diverse genotypes of tomato
(Solanum lycopersicumL.) were evaluated to study the
genetic variability, heritability and genetic advanced at
Horticultural research farm, Department of Applied
Plant Science (Horticulture), Babasaheb Bhimrao
Ambedker University, Lucknow (India) during rabi
season 2011-12. Ten plants were randomly selected
from each plot and tagged for recording data on 19
characters. The analysis of variance revealedsignificant differences among genotypes for all the
traits. Both genotypic as well as phenotypiccoefficients of variations were high for number of
cluster/plant, number of flower/plant, fruit
weight/cluster and number of fruits/plant. Heritability
in broad sense was high for plant height, number of
leaves/plant, number of cluster/plant, number of
flower/plant, number of locules and pericarp thickness.
Genetic advance in % of mean was maximum for
number of cluster/plant followed by number of
flower/plant, fruit weight/cluster and number offruits/plant.
KEYWORDS Tomato, genotype, variability,heritability, genetic advance
Singh V1 Naseeruddin KH
2 Rana
2
1Department of Applied Plant Science (Horticulture),Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedker University, Lucknow, UttarPradesh 226 025, India2Department of Horticulture, HNB Garhwal University,
Srinagar, Uttarakhand 246 174, India
V Singh ( )Email: [email protected], [email protected]
INTRODUCTIONTomato (Solanum lycopersucumL.), 2n=24, is one
of the most popular and widely grown vegetables in the
world. It is a versatile vegetable for culinary purpose. Ripe
tomato fruit is consumed fresh as salad and utilized in the
preparation of range of processed products such as
powder, puree, ketchup, sauce, soup, canned fruit. Unripe
green fruits are used for preparation of pickles and chutney.
Tomatoes are important source of lycopene (antioxidant)vitamin A, vitamin C and minerals.
The role of genetic variability in a crop is ofparamount importance in selecting the best genotypes
for making rapid improvement in yield and related
characters as well as to select most potential parents
for making the hybridization programme successful.
The success of breeding programme depends on the
availability of genetic variability present in the
available germplasm (Prasad et al. 2012). The study of
biological parameters is often considered to be useful
step in the study of genotypic variability. Since most ofthe plant characters of economic importance are
polygenic in nature and are highly influenced by
environment, it is necessary to work out whether the
observed variability is heritable or due to environment.This suggests the imperative need to work out the
phenotypic variation into heritable and non heritable
components. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of
variability help to access the divergence of the
characters (Uniyal et al. 2013). Selection would be
more meaningful for characters which exhibit high
variability and heritability along with moderate to high
genetic gain. Realizing the importance of the crop,there is urgent need to isolate such breeding lines
having desirable horticultural trails, better quality
coupled with high yield potential. Under such
situation, an attempt was made in the present
investigation to analyse genetic components and
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 190-193, July December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00864.7
Economics of income generating activities under SHG
finance in Meghalaya
JW MOMIN DC KALITAReceived: October 5, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014, Accepted: December 6, 2014
ABSTRACT The present study was conducted in
West Garo Hills district of Meghalaya covering four
blocks viz. Rongram, Dadenggre, Gambegre and
Selsela. A sample size of 200 SHG beneficiaries was
selected by using multiple stage random sampling
method. Field level data was elicited for the year
20010-11 through personal interview method. For
analyzing the data, tabular analysis was employed. The
main income generating activities of SHG beneficiaries
were agricultural and plantation crops, livestockfarming and business and cottage industries. The cost
of Income Generating Activities (IGAs) was estimatedbased on establishment and maintenance cost. The
results revealed that per farm total cost of IGAs was
estimated to be Rs. 28088.51 in the average farm
situation. The net return over total cost in these major
IGAs was Rs. 77637.55 in the average farm situation.
Return per rupee of expenditure was found to be the
highest in agricultural and plantation crops. The IGAs
taken up by the sample SHG beneficiaries under SHG
finance were profitable in the area.
KEYWORDS Economics, SHGs, IGAs, agriculture,
plantation crops, livestock
INTRODUCTIONThe SHG finance is one of the most crucial
inputs for economic activity, growth and development.
In rural areas, women living below poverty line are
unable to realize their potential. SHG programmes are
Momin JW Kalita DC
Department of RDAP, North Eastern Hill University, TuraCampus, Tura, Meghalaya 794 002, India
JW Momin ( )
E mail: [email protected]
currently being promoted as a key strategy for
addressing poverty alleviation and womens
empowerment simultaneously (Puhazhendi and
Satyasai 2001, Das 2012). The participation of women
in SHGs made significant impact on their
empowerment both in social and economic aspects
(Boraian 2008). The SHG and economic empowerment
of rural women variables used to influence the types of
development on income generating activities of farm
and non-farm sectors in the area. It is because, theactivities vary in their level and types of resource
requirement like land, labour, capital and themanagerial skill which is indirectly against the
outcome of level of income generation. One of the
benefits of joining SHG is the accessibility to credit
sources. SHG has created faith among the users to
disburse loan to the poor in groups. The members of
SHGs have taken loans from formal sector for either
production or consumption or both purposes, which are
not possible without SHG (Christuraj and Saraswathy
2009). The income generation activities of rural poorenhance the better standard of living where it createsmore income and employment opportunities among
rural women. In the present study, an attempt is made
to present the results of the cost and return frominvestment per farm in various income generating
activities such as agricultural and plantation crops,
livestock farming and business and cottage industries
of the sample beneficiaries. The agricultural and
plantation crops cover the crops such as areca nut,
cashew nut, tea, orange, other minor agricultural and
plantation crops like squash, pear, rubber, large
cardamom, black piper, etc. and jhum. The cost andreturn from investment in livestock farming include
piggery, poultry, dairy and other farming such as
goatary, fishery, etc. The cost and return from
investment in business and cottage industries include
grocery, tea stall, vegetable vendors, tailoring,
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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 194-197, July December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00865.9
Weed management strategies for better yield and economics
of grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) in
mountain agriculture
DK SHUKLA BIRENDRA PRASAD TEJ PRATAPReceived: November 02, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014, Accepted: December 6, 2014
ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted to
find out suitable weed management strategies forhigher yield of grain amaranth under rainfed condition
of Uttarakhand hills. Weed free treatment recorded
significant improvement i