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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 1Première partie, chap. 5, page
Chapitre 1.5
Histoire
de
L’Informatique
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 2Première partie, chap. 5, page
Summary
• Early history of computing devices
• Commercial developments– First generation systems– Second generation systems– Third generation hardware– Third generation software– Fourth generation systems
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 3Première partie, chap. 5, page
Summary
• Early history of computing devices
• Commercial developments– First generation systems– Second generation systems– Third generation hardware– Third generation software– Fourth generation systems
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 4Première partie, chap. 5, page
Chinese Abacus
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 5Première partie, chap. 5, page
Blaise Pascal
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 6Première partie, chap. 5, page
Charles Babbage (1840)
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 7Première partie, chap. 5, page
1890 Census & Herman Hollerith
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 8Première partie, chap. 5, page
1890 Census & Herman Hollerith
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 9Première partie, chap. 5, page
Punched Cards Data Processing1890 - 1960• Herman Hollerith founder of
– Computing, Tabulating and Recording Company> International Business Machines (1924)– Industry leader in electromechanical data handling
• Competition:– Sperry Rand Corporation– Bull
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 10Première partie, chap. 5, page
Early Electronic Data Processing1935-1950
• In Europe : – Alan TURING : COLLOSSUS
• In the USA :– John V. Atanasoff & Clifford Berry– J.Presper Eckert & John W.Mauchly : ENIAC– John Von Neumann : EDVAC
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 11Première partie, chap. 5, page
Alan TURING
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 12Première partie, chap. 5, page
The Enigma
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 13Première partie, chap. 5, page
Alan Turing @ Bletchley Park
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 14Première partie, chap. 5, page
John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 15Première partie, chap. 5, page
The Atanasoff-Berry Computer
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 16Première partie, chap. 5, page
Eckert & Mauchly : ENIAC
• Moore School of Electrical Engineering
• First large scale electronic calculator
• Build between 1943 and 1946
• Complexity : 18 000 radio valves
• Electrical power : 65 000 Watt
• Mean time between failure : 6.5 Hours
• Capabilities : those of a pocket calculator...
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 17Première partie, chap. 5, page
J.Presper ECKERT
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 18Première partie, chap. 5, page
John W. MAUCHLEY
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 19Première partie, chap. 5, page
Eckert, Mauchly & Von Neumann
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 20Première partie, chap. 5, page
Eckert, Mauchly & Von Neumann
• John Von Neumann – signs the EDVAC project– publishes paper setting the foundations of
modern computers
• Eckert & Mauchly – get patents on ENIAC design – found a company to build commercial
computers : UNIVAC
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 21Première partie, chap. 5, page
The Honeywell vs. Sperry-Univac
Lawsuit
1968-1973“Eckert and Mauchly” “did not themselves first invent” “the automatic electronic digital computer,” “but instead derived that subject matter” “from one Dr.John Vincent Atanasoff.”
Judge LARSONOctober 19, 1973
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 22Première partie, chap. 5, page
John Vincent Atanasoff
The”legal” inventor of the digital computer
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 23Première partie, chap. 5, page
Summary
• Early history of computing devices
• Commercial developments– First generation systems– Second generation systems– Third generation hardware– Third generation software– Fourth generation systems
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 24Première partie, chap. 5, page
First Generation Systems1948-1958• Control Unit & ALU : Vacuum tubes
• Central memory : inadequate technologies– Mercury delay lines : slow and error prone
– Manchester storage tubes : low capacity
> Capacity : a few kilobytes
> Access time : tens of microseconds
• Software : mainly scientific calculations– Cost of hardware >> cost of programmers
– Programs written in machine language by scientists.
– Main concern : efficient use of small memory
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 25Première partie, chap. 5, page
First generation ALU module
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 26Première partie, chap. 5, page
Summary
• Early history of computing devices
• Commercial developments– First generation systems– Second generation systems– Third generation hardware– Third generation software– Fourth generation systems
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 27Première partie, chap. 5, page
Bardeen, Bratten & Shockley
Invent the transistor at Bell Labs in 1948 and receive the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1955
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 28Première partie, chap. 5, page
The first Transistor
Revolutionary replacement for electronic vacuum valves
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 29Première partie, chap. 5, page
Ferrite Memory
Fast, low cost technology for central memories
1024 bit(128 bytes)2 S
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 30Première partie, chap. 5, page
Second Generation Systems1955-1965• Control Unit & ALU : Transistors
• Central memory : Ferrite cores• Spectacular improvement of price/performance> Much larger systems become affordable• Software :
– Both scientific and administrative applications
– Programmer productivity becomes important.
> High level programming languages
• Scientific applications : FORTRAN
• Business oriented applications : COBOL
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 31Première partie, chap. 5, page
First Scientific Supercomputer
The IBM 7030 “Stretch”
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 32Première partie, chap. 5, page
Grace Hopper (US Navy)
Promoter of COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 33Première partie, chap. 5, page
John Backus (IBM)
Designer of FORTRAN (FORMULA TRANSLATOR)
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 34Première partie, chap. 5, page
Summary
• Early history of computing devices
• Commercial developments– First generation systems– Second generation systems– Third generation hardware– Third generation software– Fourth generation systems
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 35Première partie, chap. 5, page
The First Integrated Circuit
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 36Première partie, chap. 5, page
Integrated circuits
Several orders of magnitude improvement of price/performance ratio for electronic equipment
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 37Première partie, chap. 5, page
Third Generation Computers1965-1973• Control Unit & ALU : Integrated Circuits
• Central memory : Ferrite cores• Enormous improvement of price/performance> Very large systems become affordable• Software :
– Multiprogramming to keep systems busy– Second generation software technology appears
inadequate for such large and complex systems.– Operating systems and application programs hard
or even impossible to debug.= THE SOFTWARE CRISIS !!!
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 38Première partie, chap. 5, page
New powerful computers:
The IBM 360 series
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 39Première partie, chap. 5, page
Summary
• Early history of computing devices
• Commercial developments– First generation systems– Second generation systems– Third generation hardware– Third generation software– Fourth generation systems
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 40Première partie, chap. 5, page
The Cost of Software
Design (18%)
Coding (7%)
Debugging(25%)
Maintenance(50%)
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 41Première partie, chap. 5, page
Software Engineering
• Facts:– Software development is usually much more
expensive than the computer to run the software.– 75% of software cost result from testing and
making small changes. • Logical conclusions:
– Except when hardware cost is dominant, Software should be designed to be easily tested and modified rather than to be small or fast.
> Software should be simple and clearly written
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 42Première partie, chap. 5, page
Third Generation Software1970-1990• Structured programming
• New programming languages : – Pascal : initially for teaching structured programming – Ada : derived from Pascal, for reliable software – C : kind of high-level assembly language, initially
intended for systems programming• Extensions to existing languages :
– Structured FORTRAN– Structured COBOL
• New operating system : UNIX– Simple, well structured multiprogramming system– written in C.
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 43Première partie, chap. 5, page
Niklaus Wirth
One of the founders of
Software Engineering,
and designer of new
programming languages
to support and teach
software engineering:
Pascal, Modula, Oberon
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 44Première partie, chap. 5, page
Ken Thomson
With Denis Ritchie
designed UNIX,
to support advanced
text processing at
the patent office of
Bell Labs
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 45Première partie, chap. 5, page
Summary
• Early history of computing devices
• Commercial developments– First generation systems– Second generation systems– Third generation hardware– Third generation software– Fourth generation systems
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 46Première partie, chap. 5, page
VLSI Technology(Very Large Scale
Integration)• Progress in integrated circuits manufacturing
– Number of components doubles every 18 months
– Smaller components result in higher speed
– Price/performance doubles in less than 18 months
• Technology milestones– 1971: the first microprocessor = an entire CPU in one
VLSI circuit.
– 1970: integrated circuit memories become cheaper than ferrite memories.
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 47Première partie, chap. 5, page
The founders of INTEL
Andy Grove
Robert Noyce
Gordon Moore
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 48Première partie, chap. 5, page
VLSI memory chips
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 49Première partie, chap. 5, page
Ted Van t’Hoff
Designer of the first microprocessor at INTEL
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 50Première partie, chap. 5, page
The First Microprocessor
Prophetic advertisement published in the November 15, 1971 issue of Electronics
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 51Première partie, chap. 5, page
Fourth Generation Systems1970-now• Control Unit & ALU : Integrated Circuits
• Central memory : Integrated Circuits• Diversified computers:
– Low cost Personal Workstations– Multi-processor supercomputers– Embedded systems
• Networking and distributed processing• Software :
– Graphical User-interfaces– Application oriented programming.– Object oriented design & programming.
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©J.Tiberghien - ULB-VUBVersion 2007 52Première partie, chap. 5, page
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