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JUDGE CAROLE CLARK’S TRAUMA-INFORMED APPROACH TO FAMILY/DRUG COURT

BY: SHERI PARRIS, JUDGE CAROLE CLARK, JENNIFER GREGORY, AND ELIZABETH WATKINS

ALL RISE: For the Good of the Children,adocumentaryfromtheKarynPurvisInstituteofChildDevelopmentatTCU,takesyouinsidethecourtroomofanunconventionalEastTexasjudgewhousesatrauma-informed,trust-basedapproachtohealingbrokenfamiliesinthechildwelfaresystem.TwofamiliessharehowtheytransformedtheirlivesthroughthesupportandinterventionofferedbyJudgeCaroleClarkandherteamoflawyers,mentalhealthexpertsandchildadvocates.Thisvideocompanionguidedetailsthetrauma-informedpracticesandapproachofJudgeClark’scourtthatwasfeaturedinthefilm.

OVERVIEW

UndertheleadershipofJudgeCaroleClark,thefamily/drugcourtinSmithCounty,TexasimplementedTrust-BasedRelationalIntervention®(TBRI®)andcreatedatrauma-informedcourtsystemthatimprovedthequalityofoutcomesforchildrenandfamilies.

TBRI®isaholistic,attachment-based,andtrauma-informedinterventiondesignedtomeetthecomplexneedsofvulnerablechildrenandfamilies.TBRIiscomprisedofstrategiesgroupedintothreeevidenced-basedprinciples:

(a) Empowering principlestoaddressbiologicalneeds(b) Connecting principlestobuildtrustandmeaningfulrelationships(c) Correcting principlestodisarmfear-basedbehaviors

MoreinformationaboutTBRIandtheeffectsofearlytraumathatcompelledJudgeClarktoadoptatrauma-informedapproachcanbefoundinthefollowingarticle,whichisavailableforfreedownloadatallriseforchildren.com/resources:

Purvis,K.B.,Cross,D.R.,Dansereau,D.F.,&Parris,S.R.(2013).Trust-BasedRelationalIntervention(TBRI):ASystemicApproachtoComplexDevelopmentalTrauma.Child & Youth Services,34(4),360–386.http://doi.org/10.1080/0145935X.2013.859906

BACKGROUND

AfteryearsoffrustrationwithresultsoftraditionalhandlingofaChildProtectiveServicesDocket,JudgeCaroleClark,321stDistrictCourt,Tyler,Texasimplementedtrauma-informedpractices.Theprimarypurposewastoachievebetteroutcomesforchildrenandfamilies.Shealsowantedtobreakfamilycyclesofabuseandnegativepatternsthatpassedfromonegenerationtothenext.

JudgeClark’sshifttoatrauma-informedapproachbeganin2007aftershemetDr.KarynPurvis.Dr.Purvis(thenDirectorofwhatisnowknownastheKarynPurvisInstituteofChildDevelopmentatTCU)introducedJudgeClarktotheTBRImodelthatsheandDr.DavidCrossdevelopedtohelp

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childrensufferingfromtheeffectsofabuse,neglect,and/ortrauma.Bylearningabouttheimpactofearlymaltreatmentandtrauma-informedinterventions,JudgeClarkandherteamwereempoweredtoimprovethehandlingofcasesofchildabuseandneglectwithinsightsfromthefieldsofchilddevelopment,neurodevelopment,andattachment.

Althoughthereisnosingledefinitionoftrauma-informedcareacrosssystems,thisisacommonlyciteddefinitionfromtheNationalTraumaticStressNetwork:

Atrauma-informedchild-andfamily-servicesystemisoneinwhichallpartiesinvolvedrecognizeandrespondtotheimpactoftraumaticstressonthosewhohavecontactwiththesystemincludingchildren,caregivers,andserviceproviders.Programsandagencieswithinsuchasysteminfuseandsustaintraumaawareness,knowledge,andskillsintotheirorganizationalcultures,practices,andpolicies.Theyactincollaborationwithallthosewhoareinvolvedwiththechild,usingthebestavailablescience,tomaximizephysicalandpsychologicalsafety,facilitatetherecoveryofthechildandfamily,andsupporttheirabilitytothrive.

Withtheoverridinggoalofhealthyfamilyreunification,JudgeClarkcommittedtoimplementingacomprehensive,trauma-informedapproachinhercourt.Shefocusedonrecognizingandtreatingthetraumaofeachchildandparentinanefforttostopthecycleofchildabuse.

OBJECTIVES

JudgeClarkfocusedondevelopingatrauma-informedcourtbecausetheparentsandchildrenneedtohealfromtheirtraumaexperiencesifthereistobealong-termresolutionoftheissuesthatre-quiredtheState’sinvolvementinthefirstplace.Thebasiccomponentsofhertrauma-informedcourtinclude:(1)meaningfulassessmentstoidentifythetraumaofallparties,(2)specializedtreatmentplanstailoredtothetraumaandtrauma-relatedbehaviors,and(3)phaseplanstoimplementtreat-mentandreturnthechildrenhometoasafeandappropriatefamily.Specifically,thecourtimple-mentedtrauma-informedpracticesto:

• Improveoutcomesforchildrenandfamilies• Lowerrecidivismrateswithinthechildwelfaresystem• Reducetheintergenerationalpatternofchildabuseandmaltreatment

OUTCOMES

InJudgeClark’scourt,theuseofTBRIprinciplesandtrauma-informedpracticeshasbeensuccessfulinimprovingoutcomesforchildrenandfamilies.Itresultedinlowerratesofre-victimizationofchildrenreturninghomeorreceivingin-homeCPSserviceswiththeTexasDepartmentofFamilyandProtectiveServices(DFPS).

Basedonfive-yearoutcomesofchildreninDFPScareinSmithCountyandthefourTexascountieswiththemostsimilarnumbersofchildrenincare,SmithCountyhadthelowestpercentageofreconfirmedvictims(PotterCounty,22.4%;TomGreenCounty,20.4%;JohnsonCounty,15.8%;

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WebbCounty,14%;SmithCounty,9.4%).Also,basedonfive-yearoutcomes,whencomparingSmithCountyandthetwoTexascountiesmostsimilarinchildpopulationsize,SmithCountyhadthelowestpercentageofreconfirmedvictims(JeffersonCounty,20.7%;BrazosCounty,18.9%;SmithCounty,9.4%(DFPSDatabook,2018).

Between2008andJuly2018,JudgeClarkhadzerojurytrials–anotherindicatorofthesuccessofacollaborativeapproachoveranadversarialapproachtoresolvingcases.Thecourtalsosawareductioninthenumberofcontestedhearingsinmostcases.

TEAM-BASED APPROACH

Toimplementtrauma-informedpracticesinhercourt,JudgeClarkusedateam-basedapproach.Bycreatingateamofadvocatesandchildwelfareprofessionalswithasharedvisionandcommongoals,theyhavebeenabletoengageparentsandimproveoutcomesforchildrenandfamilies.Keystakeholdersontheteaminclude:

• Judge• Traumaandsubstanceabuseevaluators• Psychologicalevaluators• ChildProtectiveServices(CPS)supervisors• CPSattorneys• Parentattorneys• Children’sattorneys• CASAvolunteers• Mentalhealthproviders• Substanceabuseproviders

Theteammeetsatleastonceamonthtodiscusscourtprocessesandrelatedissues.Specificcasesarenotdiscussed.Newprovidersorothervisitorswhowouldliketoprovideservicesaregivenanopportunitytopresenttheirservicesandtheteamthendeterminesiftheservicesarealignedwiththecourt’strauma-informedpractices.

TRAUMA-INFORMED TRAINING FOR THE COURT

JudgeClark’sintentisforeverypersonwhoprovidesanyservicetotheCPSchildrenorparentsservedbyhercourttobeawareoftheimpactoftrauma,andtobetrainedintrauma-informedpractices.Theleveloftrainingrequireddependsontheservicesprovided.

SmithCountyhasseveralpeoplewhohavebeentrainedextensivelyintheTBRImodelandwhoareabletotrainothers.ManyprofessionalsfromJudgeClark’scourt(includingattorneys,traumaevaluators,mentalhealthproviders,etc.)havecompletedtheKarynPurvisInstituteofChildDevelopment’sTBRIPractitionerTraining.Itisrecommendedthatarepresentativefromeachagencybetrainedsothattheycantrainotherswithintheirorganization.

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Providingtrauma-informedtrainingtosomanyprofessionalsworkingwiththecourthashelpedtocreateasupportnetworkforthepractitioners,strengthentheteam,andexpandthetrauma-informedservicesandresourcesavailabletotheparentsandchildren.

THREE-PHASE SERVICE PLANS

InSmithCounty,JudgeClarkandherteamworkedwithCPStoinstitutethree-phaseserviceplans(AddresstheSafetyRisk,AddresstheTraumaandParentingIssues,andMonitoredReturn).AFamilyGroupConferenceisconvenedbeforetheserviceplangoesintoeffect.

Theclientmustcompletethephasesinthecorrectordertogainthemostbenefit.Forexample,apsychologicalevaluationcannotprovideavalidresultunlesstheclienthasbeendrugfreeforatleast90days.Further,lackofsobrietyforasignificantlengthoftimeimpedestheclient’sabilitytolearnfromparentingclassesandothertypesoftrainingsthatareoffered.

JudgeClarkapprovesthephasedserviceplanspursuanttotheTexasFamilyCoderequirementsforplansofservice.Theyareenteredasacourtordertosatisfythelegalcomponentoftheprocess.CPScontinuestopreparethetraditionalcomputerizedserviceplansandrecordsallthesamedetailsforservicesontheformrequiredtocomplywithfederalregulations.Thissystemrequirescourtordersandenforcement,andparticipationbybothCPSandtheparent.

Eachparentorpartyisrequiredbythecourttocompleteallthreephasespriortodismissalofthecase.Theprogressoftheplansisaddressedateveryhearing,andacopyofthesignedplanisprovidedtoallpartiespriortothehearing.Dependingontheneedsoftheclient,plansmaybemodifiedorchangedbyagreementofthepartieswiththecourt’sapproval.

Thesethree-phaseserviceplanswereadoptedtoallowforincrementalsuccessbyparents,simplifiedinstructions,andeasiermonitoringbythecourt.Thephasesaredesignedtoaddresstheneedsoftheparentandchildwiththeunderstandingthatallpartieshaveexperiencedaleveloftraumathataffectstheirabilitytomulti-taskandachievesuccess.Thistrauma-focusedapproachallowstheCourttoaddressspecificneedsoftheclientswhileallowingforadequatesupportandtimelyintervention.

Inaddition,thecourtgainsabetterunderstandingofprogressbymonitoringthestatusofeachphase.Thephasesaresetuptobecompletedwithinthe12-monthperiod,however,moretimemayberequiredbasedontheparents’history(i.e.,parentswhowerevictimsofabuseandneglectand/orhavelonghistoriesoftraumamaytakelonger)and/orifthecasemeetstheguidelinesforextension.Thecourtcanaskforadditionalplanstobedevelopedwhenalackofprogressisshown.Forexample,iftheclientisstillinPhase1atthe9monthmark,thecourtmaylookforaPlanBoptionsinceitislikelytheserviceswillnotbecompletedpriortothedeadlineofthecaseandinconjunctionwiththeneedforpermanencyforchildrenwithinacertaintimeframe.

Detailsofthefamilygroupconferenceandeachofthethreephasesareprovidedbelow.

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FAMILY GROUP CONFERENCE

InSmithCounty,aFamilyGroupConference(FGC)takesplacesbeforethefirsthearing(AdversaryHearing)whichiswithinapproximatelytwoweeksofremovalofthechildren.AnFGCisastructuredmeetingwiththeparents,relatives,friends,partners,orotherstakeholderstodevelopaplanforthesafecareandprotectionofthechildinvolved.The‘teammembers’fromJudgeClark’scourtwhoareassignedtothatfamilyarepresent,andtheyarticulatethatthegoalisreunificationwithinthe12-18monthperiodmandatedbystatelaw.

Thisearlymeetingsetsthetoneforthecase,andisscheduledassoonaspossibleafterCPSremovesthechildren(ideallythenextday).Anabrupt,forcefulremovalcreatesmoretraumaandrampsupfearandangerforbothparentandchild,causingmoredistrustofthesystem.Therefore,JudgeClarkalsoworkedwithCPStocreatespeciallytrainedremovalexpertswhousetrauma-informedpracticesduringtheremovalprocessitselftolowerfearsandstress.They(ratherthantheinvestigator)stepintoworkwiththefamilyandbeginsettingthetoneforhowthisprocesswillbedifferentthanwhattheymayhaveexperiencedinthepast.Then,whentheycometocourt,theprocessisexplainedinfurtherdetail.

Bysettinggoalsandexpectationsinatrauma-informedmanner,everyoneinvolvedmovesfromapunitiveandpower-basedapproachtoonethatisrespectfuloftheparents,andwitharecognitionofwhatbroughtthechildrenintostatecustody.Themessageconveyedbytheteamisthatsuccessisexpectedandforthattohappen,everyoneontheteam,includingtheparents,mustdotheirpart.

Below is a list of goals for the Family Group Conference:

o Assessthefamily’sneedsanddiscusstheneedforCPSinvolvement.Theinitialmeetingwillincludeparentsandotherfamilymembers,attorneys,CPS,andCASA.

o Developrapportbetweenfamilyandinvestigativeandremovalstaff.o Reduceparentfearsbyensuringtheparent(s)understandsthatthegoaloftheprocessisto

provideasafeandhealthyenvironmentfortheirchildandreunificationwiththeirchildren,andthatthecourtteamistheretohelpachievethatgoal.

o Convincetheparent(s)thattheywillachievethebestoutcomesbytakingadvantageofthecourt-mandatedservices.

o Empowerallparties,especiallytheparentsandfamily,tobetterunderstandwhyCPSisinvolvedandwhattheCPSplanisgoingforward.

o Discussthecaseindetailandhavetheattorneysexplainandpreparethefamilyforwhatwillhappenattheinitialcourthearing.

o DiscussCPS’timelineforthecase(i.e.,familieshave12monthsinitiallybutmayseekasix-monthextension,etc.).

o Outlinethethree-phasedapproachemployedinSmithCounty.Discussthefocusofeachphaseandwhatcontactparentswillhavewiththeirchildrenduringtheprocess.

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PHASE 1: ADDRESS THE SAFETY RISK (GETTING CLEAN AND SAFE)

Approximately 3 months, Supervised Visitation with Children

TheprimarypresentingissueinJudgeClark’scourtisdrugabuse.Somecasespresentwithotherissues(e.g.,mentalhealth,intellectualdisabilities,severephysicaldisabilitiesofparentsand/orchil-dren,etc.),butmostcasesaredrug-related.Inthesecases,thefirststepisfortheparentwhowasinvolvedinthenon-protectivesituationthatrequiredremovaltoundergoariskassessment.Thisshouldbeperformedbyatrauma-informedclinicalsocialworker,licensedprofessionalcounselor,ordrugcounselor.

The assessment, at a minimum, includes:

o SASSI(SubstanceAbuseSubtleScreeningInventory)–TheSASSIquestionnaireisusedasadrugandalcoholabuseassessment.Thisscreeninginstrumenthelpstheassessordeterminewhatsubstanceabusetreatment,ifany,isappropriate.ThetreatmentdeterminationisguidedbythefourlevelsofcaredevelopedbyDr.DouglasMarloweoftheNationalAssociationofDrugCourtProfessionals.Hiscategorizationiscommonlyusednationwideindrugcourts,andthismodelisusedaspartoftheassessmentportionoftheprograminSmithCounty.Everypersonwhopresentstothecourtwithadrugissuereceivesanassessmentandtreatmentrecommendations.

o AdverseChildhoodExperiences(ACE)Questionnaire–Thisself-reportingtoolisusedtoidentifychildhoodtrauma.ThehighertheACEscore,thehighertheriskforhealth,social,andemotionalproblems.

o Interview–Aninterviewisconductedinconjunctionwiththeuseofself-reportingtoolstoidentifyanyhistoryoftraumaandtrauma-relatedissues.

Afterassessment,CPSsubmitsanindividualizedserviceplanforPhase1withinputfromallinvolvedandthecourtreviewsit.

Parentsreceivesupervisedvisitationwithchildrenduringthisphase.Theyareexplicitlytoldwhattheyneedtodotostarttheprocessofreunification,andtheyarealsogiventheoptionofaquickstart,inwhichtheycanbeginserviceswithintwoweeksoftheirchild’sremoval(asopposedto60daysatthestatushearing,whichisstandardpracticeinmanyothercourts).

Itisimportanttonotethatvisitationduringthisphaseremainsnecessarytocontinuethechild’scon-nectiontotheirparent.Unlessitisunsafeordetrimentaltothechild’swellbeing,thecourtwillalwaysallowthevisitationtoencourageandmaintainthevitalparent-childrelationship.

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Approximately 6 months, Unsupervised Visitation with Children

DuringPhase2,parentscanbeginunsupervised,therapeuticallyinformedcontactwiththeirchildren.Phase2beginsaftertheparentcompletesdrugtreatmentand/oraddressesotheracuteissues.Parentsundergoapsychologicalexam,administeredbyatrauma-informedpsychologisttodetermineiftherearementalhealthissuesthatneedtobeaddressed.Theseexaminationsareinvalidunlesstheparenthasbeendrugandalcoholfreeforatleast60days.

Thetraumaandmentalhealthissuesareaddressedinindividualcounselingandtraumagroup.Anarrowlytailoredplantospecificallyaddressaparent’scoretraumaisnecessarytoallowtheparenttodealwiththeissuesthatbroughtCPSintotheirlives,andtobegintorecognizeandpreventthoseissuesfromhappeningagain.Thisisintensiveworkthattakestime.Itshouldnotberushed.Allavailablecounselingandservices/programsshouldbeutilized.

Theprimarytrauma-informedinterventions,programs,andcounselingservicesusedbyJudgeClark’scourtinclude:

o Trust-Based Relational Intervention (TBRI)–Aholistic,attachment-based,trauma-informedinterventionthatreducestheeffectsoftrauma(Purvis,Cross,Dansereau,&Parris,2013).

o Circle of Security® (COS)–Aninterventionbasedonattachmenttheorythateducatescaregiversinbecomingmoreresponsivetotheirchildren’sneeds(Yaholkoski,Hurl,&Theule,2016;CEBC,2018a).

o Brain Gym–Calmingtechniquesthroughmovement(www.braingym.org).

o Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)-Evidence-basedpsychotherapytreatmentdesignedtoreducetraumasymptoms(CEBC,2018b,c).

o Fostering Connections (Texas DFPS program)(seeFosteringConnectionstoSuccessandIncreasingAdoptionsActof2008).

o Trauma Counseling Sessions–PerformedbyaTBRIPractitioner.

o Group Therapy-TBRI-basedtraumagrouptherapy(onehourperweek)includeseveryoneinphase2foraslongastheircaseisopen.Someclientscontinuewithgrouptherapyaftertheircaseisclosedorreturntomentorothers.

Duringthisphase,parentsalsocontinuewithsubstanceabusesupportservices(e.g.,AA,NA,CelebrateRecovery,etc.).Theclientshouldattendafter-careprogramswithemphasisonpeople,placesandthingsthattriggerthemandhinderrecovery.Sponsorsandasupportsystemshouldtakeshape.Often,thereisarequirementthattheparentcomplete90meetingsin90days,obtainasponsorandbeginworkinga12-StepProgram.

PHASE 2: ADDRESS THE TRAUMA AND PARENTING ISSUES

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Employmentandhousingaresecured.Forthisclientpopulation,theseareoftenchallengingtasks.ParentsshouldalsoworkonbuildingwhatJudgeClark’steamcalls“intentionalfamily”–peopleintheclient’ssupportnetwork(includingmentorsandotherpartiesinthecourt)whocanbecalledonduringstressfultimes.

Asparentsachievesmallsuccesses,buildtheirpositivesupportnetworksandgainindependencefrominfluencesofnegativepeople,placesandthings,thenumberofvisitationsshouldincreaseandtransitiontoincludeunsupervisedvisitation.Thisgivesparentssomethingtostrivefor,andonceachieved,motivatesthemtocontinuemakingpositivechanges.

Relapseisnotuncommoninthisphase.Asparentsidentifytheirowntraumaticexperiencesandbegintorealizethetraumathattheycreatedfortheirchildren,theybegintohealbutitisapainfulprocess.Ifarelapseoccurs,theparentshouldbeginthestepsagain,getclean,seekcounselingfromaproviderwhounderstandsissuesthatarisefromtrauma,andcontinuetobuildtheirsupportnetwork.WhileaPlanBshouldbestarted,relapseshouldbemetwithsupportiveencouragement.

PHASE 3: MONITORED RETURN

Approximately 3 months, Monitored Return of Child to Parent

Phase3seesthemonitoredreturnofthechildwiththeapprovalofallthoseinvolvedincludingthecourt.Duringthistime,parentscontinuerecoveryworkifindicated.Arelapsepreventionplanshouldbefirmlydeveloped.Allstepsinrecoveryshouldbestartedand/orcompleted.Theclientshouldhaveasponsororsobrietysupportnetworkinplace.Thecourtwillonlyorderamonitoredreturnofthechildifitbelievesthechildcanbereturnedtotheparentsafely.

Housingandemploymentneedtobemaintained.Atthisstage,thecounselingmayleveloffandbecomelessfrequent.Theclientthenhasmoretimetofocusonajob,realliferesponsibilitiesandexpectations.Transportationisoftenanissueinthesecases.Parentsshouldworkthisissueoutpriortothechildbeingreturned.Whethertheneedisareliableride,publictransportation,orvalidlicensetodrive,theparentmustdemonstratetheycanhandletheseresponsibilities.

Parentsshouldbealignedwith/andprovidedamentorgroup.Thisgroupshouldprovidebothmeetingsandpositiverolemodelingfortheparent.Thegroupshouldbearesourcewhenissuesarise,andshouldplayapartinhelpingtheparentdealwithresponsibilitytheyhavepreviouslynotknown.Mostoftheseparentshavehadverypoorrolemodelsinthepast.Itisimportantthatthisresourceisavailablemovingforwardsothattheycanseehowappropriateparentingishandled.

Parentsalsoreceivein-homecoachingfromatrauma-informedcounselortohelpthempracticetheparentingskillslearnedinPhase2.Theseparentingskillsareimplementedwhenthechildrenandparentsarereunited,andassistanceiscriticalbecausethesearenewforboththeparentsandthechildren.

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Duringthisphase,parentsareexpectedtobeabletoarticulatewhattheyhavelearned,whattheyaredoingtosupporttheirrecoveryandstayclean,andwhatparentingstrategiestheyareusingtoprovideasafeandhealthyenvironmentfortheirchildren.

Court Hearing Process

Eachmemberoftheteam,includingtheJudge,haslegalandethicaldutiesandresponsibilitiestothecourtsystem.Beingtrauma-informedandhavingallteammembersoperatewithinthatframeworkiswhatmakesthetrauma-informedsysteminJudgeClark’scourtwork.

Duringallcourthearings,JudgeClarktellstheparent(s)thatthefirsthopeofthecourtistoreunitethemwiththeirchildren.However,shewillalsotelltheparent(s)thattheirparentalrightsaresubjecttorestrictionorterminationiftheyarenotwillingandabletoprovidetheirchildrenwithasafehome,andthat“wewantyourchildtohaveahappy,healthy,safehome.”

Thejudgethenaskstheparent(s)questionsabouttheirchildrenandtheirownprogress.Parentsareexpectedtoarticulatetothejudgewhattheyarelearningfromtheirservicesandcounseling.Typicalquestionsmayinclude:

• Tellmeaboutyourweek,howisyourapplicationfortransitionalhousing/jobsearch/jobgoing?• Tellmeaboutyourparentingclassthisweek,whatdidyoulearn?• Tellmeaboutyourson/daughter,howwasyourtimewiththemthisweek?• Howdidyoufeelaboutyourinteractionswithyourchild?• Doyouneedanythingfromusthisweek?

Membersofthecourtteamsupportparentsthroughouttheprocess,whichisreinforcedbythejudgewhocomplimentstheparent(s)foreverystepoftheirindividualizedserviceplantheycompletesuccessfully.Whenthejudgehearspositivenews,he/sheprovidespositiveencouragementsuchas“I’msoproudofyouforstayingsober,”andshemayendthe sessionwith“goodforyou”andathumbsuporahandshakethatgivesparentsapersonalconnectiontothejudge.

Thejudgeasksattorneysaboutthechildrenandtheparent(s)andrequiresthattheyvisitthechildseparatelyintheircurrentlivingenvironmentandnotjustrelyonareportfromaCPSorvolunteerCASAworker.Thisisacriticalaspectofthetrauma-informedapproachbecauseitforcestheteamtokeepthechildren’sneedsattheforefrontofdecision-making.Typicalquestionsmayinclude:

• Howisthechilddoing?• Howarethechild’sinteractionswiththeparent?• Whatresourcesmightbeneededforthechildren/fosterparents?• Whatisthestatusoftheparent(s)regardingtheirassignedprograms?

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Thejudgeassessesparents’ongoingneeds(physicalandpsychological)anddetermineshowtobestmeetthoseneeds.Progressontheservicesisreviewedateachhearing,andthepartiesinvolveddiscussanydisputesoveralackofprogresspriortocourt.Ifadisagreementovercompletionoccurs,thenitisbroughttothecourt’sattention.Otherwise,thecourtreceivesaprogressreportthatsaysparentsareincompliance.

SettlementConferences/Mediation–Ifthecourtseesthataftersixmonthsthereislittleprogressonthephases(i.e.,stillinPhase1),thecourtcanorderasettlementconferenceormediationtodevelopPlanB.Atthisstage,therequirementsfortheparentshavebeenveryclear,thechild’sneedforstabilityisincreasing,andCPScanmakeadecisionastoplacement.However,inthecontextofusingthesethree-phaseplans,mediationsoftenturnupplacementspreviouslynotknown,especiallywhenaparentacknowledgestheynevergotoutofPhase1.

BENEFITS OF JUDGE CLARK’S THREE-PHASED SERVICE PLANS

Thebenefitsofthethree-phasedserviceplansweretransformativeinthe321stDistrictCourt.SomeofthereasonsthisapproachhasbeeneffectiveinJudgeClark’scourtinclude:

• Thesequenceofservicessetsthestageforsuccess.Parentsfirstaddressthesafetyriskbeforetryingtoaddressotherissues.Onlywhentheyareabletomovetothenextphase,dotheylearnabouttraumaandhowtheyandtheirchildrenareaffectedbytheirpasttraumaticexperiences.Atthatpoint,trauma-informedservicesareprovidedtohelpparentsbegintoheal,tolearneffectiveparentingskills,andtounderstandtheirchildren’sneedsforsafeandsecureattachments.Finally,theyputallthepiecestogethertoequipparentswithbettercopingskillswhenstressfulsituationsariseinthefuture.Scaffoldingstrategies(providingguidedsupportappropriatetotheparent’sleveltofacilitatelearning)areusedtoempowerparentstoprovidesafeandhealthyenvironmentsfortheirchildren.

• Theparentshaveabetterunderstandingofthecourtprocessandtherequirementsforreunification.Theyaretoldatthebeginningofthecasewhatisrequiredandwhy.Ateachphase,theparentsareinformedofthestepsthatallofthestakeholderswilltaketomakesuretheyaresuccessful.Iftheychoosenottodothesteps,thentheyaretoldthattheteambeginstoseriouslylookatPlanB.Havingaclearlycommunicatedprocessincreasesthechancesofsuccessfulprogramcompletionandreunification.

• Familiesexperiencemorelasting,positivechangesbecausetheunderlyingtraumahasbeenaddressed.Beforeimplementingthethree-phaseapproach,parentswereabletocompletetheservicesintheordertheychose.Consequently,theservicesmayormaynothavebeenmeaningful.JudgeClark’steamcallsthishaphazardapproach“checkingtheboxes.”Theserviceswerenotdesignedorcoordinatedtomosteffectivelyaddresssubstanceabuseissuesortrauma-relatedbehaviors.Parentscould“whiteknuckle”itlongenoughtogettheirchildrenreturnedunderthetraditionalplans,buttheyoftenrepeatedtheentireprocessbecausetheissueswerenotresolved.

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• Phaseplansareshortandconcise.Thismakesthelistoftasksmoremanageableandlessoverwhelmingfortheclient.Adultsandchildrenalikewhoareinvolvedinthechildwelfaresystemaredealingwithsomeformoftrauma(evenifitisjusttheremovalitself).Atraumatizedbrainhasdifficultieswithconcentrationandprocessinginformation.Complicatedserviceplanscompoundtheproblemandoftenleadtoparents’failureinthesystem,soJudgeClark’scourthasfoundthissimplerplantobemoreeffectiveinmanagingcommunications.

• Everyoneunderstandswhattheclientshouldbedoingandcanmonitorcompliance.Thecourtisrequiredtooverseethiscaseonaregularbasis.Oneofthemainitemstoconsideristheprogressoftheparentstowardsprovidingasafeandsecurehome.Byfocusingeveryone’sattentiononthemorelimitedtaskapproach,thecourtcansharpenthedialogueatthehearings.

• Phaseplanscanbemodifiedascircumstanceschange(suchaspregnancies,boyfriend/girlfriend/relapse)withinputfromtheteam.

• Phaseplansareclearenoughthatintheeventacasemustgototrial,therewouldbenoquestionaboutwhatwasrequiredandwhatwascompleted.

FINANCIAL SUPPORT

Additionalfundingisrequiredinordertooffertheassessmentsandtrauma-relatedprograms/train-ingsavailablethroughJudgeClark’scourt.The321stDistrictCourthasreceivedsupplementalsup-portfromthefollowing:

1. Drugcourtgrants—ThecourtinSmithCountyhasreceivedannualgrantsfromtheOfficeofthe GovernorofTexas.Grantfundswereusedtopayforthegate-keepingassessmentsforeveryCPS clientwhosechildrenwereremovedasaresultofdrug-relatedissues.

2.Privatefoundations–Thecourtreceivedgrantsfromalocalprivatefoundationthatsupports trauma-informedtrainingforcourtteammembersandin-homecareforreunitedfamilies.

3.CPS–Whengrantfundingislimited,thecourthasorderedCPStopayforservices.Officialswith theU.S.DepartmentofJusticeadvisedtheteamthatparentsinCPScanbecategorizedas disabledbecausetheyhaveoneormanydisabilities,i.e.substanceabuse,ADD,ADHD,etc.Asa result,anyservicerequiredbyacourttoassistaparentinreunificationservicesmustbepaidfor bythecourtandnotbytheclient.TheDepartmenthasauthorized‘specialservicescontracts’to addressthisone-timeneedforclients,andthus,canbeutilizedfortheclients.

4. Scholarships–Thecourtqualifiedforandreceivedscholarshipsforselecttrauma-informed trainingsforitsteammembers.

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FEATURES OF JUDGE CLARK’S TRAUMA-INFORMED COURT

ThereareanumberofkeyfeaturesofJudgeClark’strauma-informedcourtthatdifferentiateitfromothertraditionalfamilycourts:

• Whole team is trauma-informed

EveryonewhoworkswiththecourtinanycapacityreceivessomelevelofTBRItraining.Thishelpstocreateacommonlanguagewitheveryoneonthecourtteam,includingtheparents,whoarealsoreceivingtraining.

• Culture of collaboration and trust

Thereiscooperationandcommunicationinthecourt,aprecedentsetbythejudge.Allprofessionalsinvolvedintheserviceplansharetheirinformationwiththeteam.Everystepintheprocessisdesignedtobuildmutualtrust--notonlybetweenthecourtandthefamilies,butalsobetweencourtpersonnel--sothatfamiliesandthecourtteamareassuredthateveryoneisworkingtogethertoachievethebestoutcomeforthechildren,whichinmostcasesiskeepingthefamilytogether.

• Three-phase plans

IndividualizedPhasePlansarecreatedtomeettheuniqueneedsofeachparent.

• Parents and children are given a voice in the process

Inthiscourt,theattorneysandtheparentsareactiveparticipants.Thejudgeaddressestheparentsdirectly.Parentsfeelsafeenoughtobevulnerableandtalkabouttheirstrugglewithoutfearofanunreasonablepenalty,butknowtheywillstillbeheldaccountable.

Texaslawrequireschildrentobebroughttocourthearings.Thispracticecanfurthertraumatizeachildonmanylevels.Insteadofsubjectingthechildtothiskindofstressandharm,JudgeClarkmeetswithchildrenprivatelyinherchambersandencouragesthemandtheirattorneystoexpresstheirneeds.Furthermore,toensurethechild’svoiceisnotlostintheprocess,sherequiresallpartiesrepresentingthechildren(attorney,adlitem,CPS,CASA)toshowherpicturesofthechildrenandgiveherongoingdetailedreportsaboutthechildren’shomeandschoolenvironments,andallmedi-calandmentalhealthservicestheyarereceivingthroughoutthecase.

• Accountability

Thecourtteamisresponsibleforgatheringtheinformationneededtodevelopappropriateserviceplansandtoprovideparentswiththeservicesthatwillhelpthemhealandprovideasafehomefortheirchildren.Parentsareresponsibleforimplementingtheskillstheyarebeingtaught.

• Non-Punitive

Thejudgewantstoknowiftheparentsaregettingtheirneedsmetandisgenuinelyconcernedabouthowtheyaredoingratherthanjustcheckingboxes.Insteadofpunishingtheparents,thisthree-phasesystemsupportsparentsintheirhealingprocessandtheprocessofreunification.

Unfortunately,noteverycaseissuccessfulandthechildrenarenotalwaysreunitedwiththeirparents.However,thegoalistomaketheparentfeeltheyweregiventhetreatments,support,andopportunities

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tosucceed.Ifchildrenmustgosomewherebesideshomewiththeparent,thatdecisionhasbeendiscussedbyallteammembersandisbasedonclearlyidentifiablecriteria,i.e.thephaseplan.

Thechildren’shistory,thefamily’shistory,andtheparent’shistoryinformsettlementnegotiations.Ifparentshavearelapsewithdrugsoralcohol,itcanbecomealearningexperienceinsteadofanautomaticrelinquishmentoftheirrights.Ininstanceswhenparentsrelinquishtheirrightstheyhavehadthereasonsarticulatedonmanyoccasions.

• Fewer contested hearings and trials

Thejudgewantsallteammemberstobringsolutionstothecourthearingsandnotjustproblems.JudgeClarkmaynotalwaysacceptthesolutionbroughtbeforeher,butitprovidesabasisforrobustdiscussionamongthepartiespriortoacourthearing.Theteammemberscollaborateanddiscusstheissuespendingbeforethecourt(i.e.,whatisindispute,whathasbeendonetoaddressit,andwhatistheissuethecourtmustdecide).Beingabletocompromiseandworkoutsolutionspriortoacourthearinggenerallyprovidesbetteroutcomesbecauseeachpartyhashadavoiceinthesolution.Whenthepartiescannotofferajointproposedsolution,thejudgeresolvesthedispute.Inthiscollaborativeenvironment,attorneyscanadvocatefortheirclientswhilealsominimizingand/oravoidingtheadversarialcontestedhearingsandjurytrialsthataremorecommoninothercourts.

• Acquire resources to meet needs

Becausethejudgemandatessomeservicesthatarenottypicallypaidforbythestate,JudgeClarkappliesforgrants,seeksoutcommunityresources,andasksforincreasedbudgetingforresourcesfromtheappropriateauthorities.

• Connection and relationships

TBRIprinciplesareusedtobuildhealthyrelationshipsbetweenparentsandchildren,andbetweenthecourtteamandthefamilies.Evenifachildisnotpermanentlyplacedwiththeparent,theteamexploreseveryoptiontoallowafuturerelationshipwiththeparentinahealthyandsafeway.

• Open adoption/placements/transfer of custody to a third party

Incaseswherereunificationisnotpossible,theteamdevelopsaplanthatisasclosetoreunificationaspossible,byutilizingtransferofcustodytofamily,friends,openadoptions,orfindingcreativesolutions.

CHALLENGES

ImplementingTBRIandtrauma-informedpracticesconstitutedafundamentalshiftinperspectiveandpractices,andJudgeClarkandherteamencounteredanumberofchallengesincluding:

• Training personnel

ItisimportantthateveryonewhoworkswiththiscourtinanycapacityhashadsomelevelofTBRItraining,understandstheimpactoftrauma,andiswellversedinTBRI.ThisincludesCPS,privateandpublicattorneys,courtbailiff,courtreporters,etc.Asaresult,thejudgehastomaketrauma-informedtrainingsavailabletokeystakeholdersandpresentopportunitiestoteachtrauma-informedpracticestotheentirecourtteam(e.g.,bookclub,brownbaglunches).

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• High turnover rate of child welfare professionals

Thecourtneedstodealwiththehighturnoverrateofchildwelfareprofessionalsandthenegativeimpactofthesedisruptedrelationshipsonchildrenandtheirparents.Itisdifficulttokeepalloftheteammembersadequatelytrainedwhenthereisahighrateofworkforceturnoverinchildwelfaresettings.Inaddition,itishardforparentsandothermembersofthecourttoestablishandmaintaintrustwitharevolvingdoorofcaseworkers.

• Funding/finding resources

Statefundingisnormallyprovidedbycontracts,whichisofteninadequatetoobtainthetypeofresourcesrequired.Moreover,newprovidersandprogramsarenotonthestate’scontractingsystem.Thecourttriestofindresourcestheparents,relatives,andchildrenneed(e.g.,bedsforkinwhohaveagreedtokeepchildren,diapers,experthelp,etc.)andmakessureallteammembershavetheinformation.Thecourtalsoworkstosecureadditionalfundingeachyearfromdrugcourtgrants,privatefoundations,etc.However,annualgrantsarenotguaranteed,sothisisanongoingchallenge.

• Lack of providers

Currently,thereisalackoftrauma-informedproviders.Thejudgeandteammembersarealwayslookingfornew,like-mindedprovidersandthentheytrainthem.

• Not understanding the approach

Traditionally,attorneysandjudgesmayhavethoughtitwasimpossibletohaveanon-adversarialsystemandalsobeeffectiveintheirpositions.Theideaofworkingasateamwithatrauma-informedapproachtocreateaserviceplanthathelpsbothparentsandchildrenandreunitesthefamilyisperceivedasbeingdiametricallyopposedtothetraditionalsystem.Itisnot.Thelawmandatesthecourtstoactinthebestinterestofthechild.Sodoesthiscourt.JudgeClarkandherteambelievethathelpingaparentbecomesafer,healthierandbetterskilledatmeetingachild’sneedsisinthebestinterestofthechildandthus,thetwogohandinhand.

Thecourtunderstandsandrespectstheethicalobligationsofeachteammemberandtheneedforcontestedcourthearingsandtrialswhenwarranted.However,implementingthissystemencouragescommunication,andoftentimesthatcommunicationcanresolvewhatotherwisemightleadtoacontestedmatter.ThechildwelfaresystemiscomplexandCPSworkersfaceheavycaseloads.Openandeffectivecommunicationhelpsaddressissuesandleadstobetteroutcomes.

• Honesty is the best policy

Akeycomponenttothetrauma-informedapproachistonotpunishthoseinvolvedinthesystem. Whilethatisespeciallytruefortheparentsandchildren,italsoappliestothecourtteam.Relapse andbadhabitsoftheparentsaremetwithopennessandencouragement–notcondemnation–tofacilitatehonestdialogueabouttheissue.“Ifyoumessup,fessup…”Thesameistrueforthe behaviorsofthechild.Theteamrealizesthroughtheirtraumaeducationthatthechildshouldnotbe punishedforbehaviorsthataremerelyaresultoftraumaticexperiences.However,alsochallenging, ishonestdialogueamongcourtteammembers,whohavetraditionallybeenonopposing“sides.”

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Inthissystem,ifacaseworkerhasfailedtoinitiateaservice,oranattorneyhasmissedanappointmentornotdoneanorderpreviouslyrequestedbythecourt,thatteammember,whetherattorney,providerorcaseworker,isalsometwithnon-punitiveencouragement.Thisincreasestheopenness,franknessandcooperativeworkingrelationshipsamongteammembers.Thereisnohidebehindthelaw,orsabotagingwithinformationinthesecases.Forexample,ifaclienttestspositive,thecaseworkerandCPSattorneycontacttheparent’sattorneyrightaway.Theydonotwaittoambushthatattorneyandparentinfrontofthecourt.Instead,parentsaregivenanopportunitytofessupthemselves,andaremetwithencouragement.Theteammembersalsofollowthissameexpectation.

• Change is difficult

ToimplementJudgeClark’sprogramrequiresadifferentmindset.Itinvolveschangingtoabeliefsystemthatvaluesallparentsandchildren,setshigherexpectationsforsuccess,andrespectschildren’sneedtobeconnectedwiththeirparents.Thebasicpremiseisthateverychilddeserveshis/herownparent,andthatparentsneedtobemadesafeandwholetoendtheintergenerationalcycleofabuse.

• More upfront investment of time

Ittakesanupfrontinvestmentofworkandcollaborationbetweenallpartiestocreateindividualizedserviceplansforeachcase.Thisincludesnarrowingtheissuestoreachanagreementbeforethehearing,ifpossible.However,thisinvestmentsaveseveryonetimeandenergythroughouttheprocessandleadstobetteroutcomes.

SUMMARY

Insummary,atrauma-informedcourthelpsreducefurthertraumatoparentsandchildreninthecourtprocessandleadstopositivelong-termeffectsforfamiliesandsociety.Bybreakingthecycleoftrauma,thesystemisbuildingstrongerfamilieswithparentswhoarelesslikelytoreturntowelfareandcriminalsystems,whichsavesstateandlocalresourcesinthelongrunandbenefitssocietyasawhole.

TBRIstrategiesarefoundthroughoutallstepsofthistrauma-informedcourt.Thecourtadvocatesforbothparentsandthechildren.Keyplayersworkasateam,notasadversaries.Therearemorecompromises,reducingtheneedforexpensiveandtime-consumingcontestedcourtproceedings.Inaddition,whenparentsbecomeactiveparticipantsandembracetheprocess,theyviewthecourtsystemasmorefairandfeellessanger.Parentsleavetheprocessempoweredtoprovideasafeandhappyhomefortheirchildrenthatwilllastintothefuture.

*Note to readers: Judge Clark retired in December 2018. However, we hope that the lessons learnedand positive impact of this court’s efforts will serve as a model to other courts seeking to implement atrauma-informed court system.

*Special thanks to the following people who also provided input for this publication: James Carter,Jeremy Coe, Patrick Dullard, Amy McDonald, Tiffani Wickel, and Dr. Donald “Winn” Winsted.

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http://www.cebc4cw.org/program/eye-movement-desensitization-and-reprocessing/

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Purvis,K.B.,Cross,D.R.,Dansereau,D.F.,&Parris,S.R.(2013).Trust-BasedRelational

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