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Just Jobs Index 2013Version 0.1
Tewodros Aragie Kebede, Huafeng Zhang, and Jon Pedersen April 2013
Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies, Oslo
WWW.AMERICANPROGRESS.O
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Just Jobs Index 2013Version 0.1
Tewodros Aragie Kebede, Huafeng Zhang, and Jon Pedersen April 2013
Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies, Oslo
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Contents 1 Introduction and summary
3 Initial findings using the Just Jobs Index
13 Basic overview
19 Empirical properties of index components
25 Gaps and future directions
27 Conclusion
28 Data sources and endnotes
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Introduction and summary | www.americanprogress.
Introduction and summary
Jobs have aken cener sage in he developmen agenda since he nancial crisis
o 2008. Te Jus Jobs Nework works o promoe jus jobs—hose complee wih
appropriae compensaion, social proecions, labor righs, and opporuniies or
economic mobiliy—as he basis or broad-based, susainable economic growh.
As par o ha eor, we have developed a new inernaional measure o air
jobs—he Jus Jobs Index—o broaden he global discourse on employmen
beyond he common emphasis on unemploymen and o address job qualiy.
Te Jus Jobs Index, or JJI, illusraes ha an iniiaive o examine he relaive
availabiliy o jus jobs in counries a dieren sages o developmen is no only
possible bu also insighul. A he same ime, our eors show jus how ar here is
o go in lling in he daa gaps or developing and developed counries alike.
Te JJI assesses he naure and exen o air jobs a a counry level and creaes a
vivid picure o work opporuniies, income and employmen securiy, and equal-
iy o reamen and working condiions. I is he rs inernaional measure o
is kind and oers an essenial complemen o various indices such as he human
developmen index, or HDI, ha aggregaely measure developmen. Te JJI
can be a useul analyical ool o ideniy counries ha are successully provid-
ing qualiy employmen opporuniies. I can also help researchers ideniy he
mechanisms by which economic growh ranslaes ino higher sandards o human
welare and more ecien economic and social developmen, and vice versa.
In addiion, he JJI reveals inerconnecions among he various dimensions o job
creaion and how working condiions can be improved. Tis enables policymakers
o arge resources and design policies more eecively.
Te ndings presened in his issue brie represen only he preliminary esimaes
and analyses o jus jobs in many developed and developing naions across he
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world. Despie he exciing possibiliies, however, his version o he index is lim-
ied by he lack o daa in boh developing and developed counries.
Good policymaking requires good daa. Wihou good daa, we canno accu-
raely ideniy where policy is working and where i is ailing. Unorunaely, he
vas majoriy o counries do no have all o he relevan daa ha would allow researchers and policymakers o measure employmen availabiliy, opporuniy,
and qualiy. Dimensions such as social proecion and social dialogue, which we
sruggled o include in his iniial version o he JJI, could be more ully incorpo-
raed ino uure versions i he daa become available.
Tis issue brie summarizes he new index’s preliminary ndings, explains how
he index was consruced, and suggess ways he index migh communicae core
ndings ha governmens, developmen agencies, and oher sakeholders can use
o address he jobs concern and ideniy relevan policy measures.
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Initial indings using the Jost Jobs Index | www.americanprogress.
Initial findings using
the Just Jobs Index
We analyzed daa or 183 counries or 14 indicaors rom 2000 o 2010. Te lis
o indicaors and heir groupings are shown in able 1.
Te resuls presened here should be considered he rs draf analysis o JJI raher
han a nal and comprehensive ranking. Wih ha in mind, he curren version o
he index is labeled as version 0.1. Key ndings o he analysis o JJI version 0.1 are
summarized below. Once he ull lis o counries is included and relevan sensiiviy
analysis is made, i will be upgraded o version 1.0.1 Addiional eors are needed ogaher hard-o-nd daa such as inormaion on social securiy and social dialogue.
Te inegraion o ha daa will enable a JJI upgrade o version 2.0.
TABLE 1
Just Jobs Index dimensions and indicators
Employment Rights at work
Employmentopportunities Income security Employmentsecurity
Safety at work
and healthy work conditions
Equality of
treatment andopportunity
• Labor-force
participation
rate
• Unemployment
rate
• Youth-
unemployment
rate
• Wage and
salaried
workers
• Average real
wages
• GDP per capita
in purchasing-
power parities,
or PPPs
• Vulnerable
employment
rate
• Share of
employment by
occupation
• Status in self-
employment
• Usual hours
worked: 49-59
hours
• Usual hours
worked: 60 or
more hours
• Female-to-male
employment
rate disparity
• Female-to-male
unemployment
rate disparity
• Number of
professional
women to
professional
men disparity
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Te number o counries included in he index compuaion diers by year and
subdimension, boh o which deermine he availabiliy o daa. As able 2 shows,
he number o counries covered by each subdimension varies by year. Ou o he
183 counries or which daa were colleced, he “Employmen opporuniies”
dimension had he highes daa availabiliy consisenly across he years. Te daa
on subdimension 4, “Saey a work and healhy work condiions,” were limied,however, and deermined he lis o counries included in he overall index.
We consruced wo indices based on daa availabiliy in he subdimensions. Te
rs one is an overall index, JJI 1, which uses all ve dimensions, resuling in a
maximum o 39 counries or 2004 and 2005. Te second index, JJI 2, is consruced
excluding subdimensions 2 and 4, where counry daa availabiliy is limied. Te
number o counries covered by each o hese indices is shown in able 3.
Te ull index capures disinc and broader aspecs o he jus-jobs concep such
as employmen securiy, albei wih limied daa availabiliy or mos counries,including developing naions—see able 4. Among counries where daa were
available, European counries generally experienced he bes jus jobs peror-
mance in 2000 and rom 2005 hrough 2009. Counries in Cenral and Souh
Asia, including urkey and Pakisan, and in Arica, including Mauriius, ranked
lowes in 2005.
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Initial indings using the Jost Jobs Index | www.americanprogress.
TABLE 2
Subdimensions and number of countries (N) covered by JJI
Year Employment Rights at work
Employment
opportunities
Income
security
Employment
security
Safety at work
and healthy
work conditions
Equality of
treatment and
opportunity
2000 83 75 78 41 81
2001 92 83 83 45 87
2002 93 87 83 40 87
2003 94 88 83 49 88
2004 97 94 88 49 93
2005 97 101 90 47 95
2006 100 103 93 30 93
2007 92 99 89 31 89
2008 88 93 81 31 80
2009 82 84 69 29 70
2010 59 51 35 28 35
TABLE 3
Subdimensions and number of countries (N) covered by JJI
Year Overall JJI (JJI 1)JJI with 3
subdimensions (JJI 2)
2000 25 65
2001 31 73
2002 30 72
2003 38 74
2004 39 78
2005 39 77
2006 26 80
2007 26 79
2008 25 72
2009 22 63
2010 11 33
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TABLE 4
JJI ranks for selected years
Rank 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
1 Luxembourg Luxembourg Luxembourg Luxembourg Luxembourg Luxembourg
2 Denmark Norway Norway Norway Norway Norway
3 Netherlands Sweden Netherlands Sweden Sweden Denmark 4 Austria Netherlands Sweden Denmark Denmark Sweden
5 Australia Denmark Denmark Finland Finland Australia
6 United Kingdom Ireland Ireland Ireland Australia Finland
7 Belgium Australia Australia Australia Ireland Germany
8 Germany Finland Finland New Zealand Belgium Austria
9 Israel Belgium New Zealand Belgium Germany Belgium
10 France United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom New Zealand New Zealand
11 New Zealand New Zealand Belgium Germany Austria United Kingdom
12 Portugal Austria Germany Austria United Kingdom France13 Hungary Germany Austria Israel France Slovenia
14 Malta Israel Israel France Israel Hungary
15 Cyprus France France Hungary Estonia Estonia
16 Spain Cyprus Estonia Slovenia Slovenia Czech Republic
17 Italy Hungary Hungary Czech Republic Hungary Portugal
18 Bulgaria Slovenia Slovenia Estonia Czech Republic Spain
19 Estonia Estonia Spain Spain Spain Slovakia
20 Lithuania Macau Czech Republic Portugal Portugal Italy
Due o he lack o daa availabiliy or wo dimensions o he index, a second
indicaor was consruced using employmen opporuniies, employmen securiy,
and equaliy o reamen and opporuniy. Tis enabled a larger number o coun-
ries o be included in he index and provided beter comparisons rom 2000 o
2010. Te resuls or seleced years and heir rankings based on he reduced orm
o he index are shown in able 5.
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Rank 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
21 Croatia Spain Portugal Slovakia Slovakia Poland
22 Macau Czech Republic Slovakia Italy Italy Turkey
23 Panama Portugal Italy Greece Poland24 Peru Lithuania Greece Poland Armenia
25 Tanzania Slovakia Poland Armenia Turkey
26 Malta Turkey Turkey
27 Italy
28 Bulgaria
29 Croatia
30 Greece
31 Moldova
32 Mexico33 Poland
34 Panama
35 Peru
36 Georgia
37 Mauritius
38 Turkey
39 Pakistan
Mos o he European counries perormed beter using he reduced orm o he
index; Iceland ranked rs in all ve seleced years. One ineresing nding is ha
counries such as Egyp and Syria ranked in he botom ve during he 2006 o
2009 period, suggesing a connecion o he social-economic sources o he 2011
uprisings in Egyp and Syria. Jus-jobs perormance is lowes in Pakisan, which
ranked a he botom consisenly rom 2006 hrough 2009.
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TABLE 5
JJI ranks for selected years (excluding two dimensions)
Rank 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009
1 Iceland Iceland Iceland Iceland Iceland
2 Sweden Australia Sweden Norway Netherlands
3 Australia Sweden Norway Netherlands Norway4 Denmark Netherlands Netherlands Sweden Australia
5 Norway Denmark Australia Australia Denmark
6 United Kingdom Norway Denmark Denmark Sweden
7 Netherlands New Zealand Finland Finland Luxembourg
8 Austria Finland New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand
9 Israel Russian Federation Luxembourg Israel Finland
10 Ireland Ireland Russian Federation Russian Federation Switzerland
11 Finland Israel Israel Luxembourg Macau
12 Singapore Luxembourg Macau Switzerland Israel13 Russian Federation Switzerland Cyprus Macau Russian Federation
14 Switzerland United Kingdom Ireland Cyprus Austria
15 New Zealand Macau Switzerland Austria Cyprus
16 Germany Kuwait United Kingdom United Kingdom Germany
17 Czech Republic Singapore Singapore Ireland Singapore
18 Belgium Belgium Belgium Singapore United Kingdom
19 Luxembourg Cyprus Austria Germany Belgium
20 Barbados Austria Germany Belgium Slovenia
21 Hungary Germany Czech Republic France France22 Macau France France Czech Republic Czech Republic
23 Slovenia Estonia Hungary Slovenia Ireland
24 Portugal Hungary Slovenia Estonia Hong Kong
25 Hong KongUnited Arab Emir-
atesHong Kong Hungary Latvia
26 France Czech Republic Estonia Latvia Hungary
27 Cyprus Slovenia Spain Hong Kong Costa Rica
28 Malta Hong Kong Latvia Portugal Portugal
29 Malaysia Spain Lithuania Malta Malta
30 Slovakia Portugal Slovakia Slovakia Korea, South
31 Estonia Slovakia Portugal Spain Malaysia
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Rank 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009
32 Costa Rica Korea, South Korea, South Costa Rica Bulgaria
33 Spain Latvia Malta Bulgaria Estonia
34 Romania Trinidad andTobago Bulgaria Korea, South Slovakia
35 Korea, South Lithuania Malaysia Lithuania Lithuania
36 Bulgaria Malaysia Costa Rica MalaysiaUnited Arab Emir-
ates
37 Trinidad and Tobago Malta Peru Croatia Croatia
38 Brazil Azerbaijan Croatia Romania Spain
39 Croatia Peru Romania Moldova Kazakhstan
40 Lithuania Romania Argentina Poland Romania
41 Peru Costa Rica Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Poland
42 Mexico Bulgaria Poland Peru Moldova
43 Thailand Argentina Mexico Brazil Peru
44 Argentina Croatia Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Mexico
45 Italy Moldova Thailand Mexico Thailand
46 Saint Lucia Mexico Brazil United Arab Emirates Azerbaijan
47 Latvia Brazil Italy Italy Italy
48 Poland Italy Moldova Panama Greece
49 Namibia ThailandUnited Arab Emir-
atesGreece Panama
50 Uruguay Poland Panama Thailand Jamaica
51 Georgia Greece Greece Jamaica Mauritius
52 Jamaica Panama Macedonia Macedonia South Africa
53 Vietnam Macedonia Ecuador Uruguay Macedonia
54 Panama Belize Jamaica South Africa Paraguay
55 Greece Ecuador South Africa Mauritius Cambodia
56 Ecuador South Africa Uruguay El Salvador Sri Lanka
57 Maldives Uruguay Nicaragua Lebanon Indonesia
58 Dominican Republic Nicaragua El Salvador Paraguay Turkey
59 Bolivia Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Cambodia Philippines
60 Turkey El Salvador Paraguay Armenia Bhutan
61 Philippines Lebanon Mauritius Turkey Iran
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Trends in just jobs
Te need or counries o ocus no only on creaing jobs bu also on creaing
qualiy jobs—wih appropriae compensaion, righs, and economic securiy—is
eviden when examining he rends o counries’ perormances in jus-jobs mea-
sures. As shown in Figure 1, jus-jobs perormances declined airly seadily over
he 2006 o 2010 period and consisenly across counries in he reduced index.
Tis indicaes ha addressing he jus-jobs quesion—especially or he counries
ranking low on hese jus-jobs measures—will require a concered global eor.
Rank 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009
62 Tanzania Mauritius Lebanon Indonesia Morocco
63 Egypt Madagascar Cambodia Sri Lanka Pakistan
64 Algeria Paraguay Armenia Georgia
65 Bhutan Bhutan Bhutan
66 Georgia Georgia Philippines
67 Sri Lanka Indonesia Dominican Republic
68 Turkey Maldives Iran
69 Maldives Turkey Egypt
70 Tanzania Sri Lanka Syria
71 Iran Tanzania Morocco
72 Indonesia Iran Pakistan
73 Philippines Philippines
74 Burkina FasoDominican
Republic
75 Dominican Republic Burkina Faso
76 Egypt Egypt
77 Morocco Morocco
78 Ethiopia Pakistan
79 Syria Syria
80 Pakistan
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Year
20102009200820072006200520042003200220012000
I n d e x a f t e r e x c l u d i n g s u b - d i m e n s i o n 2 a n d 4
100
80
60
40
20
0
VietnamUruguayUnited KingdomUnited Arab EmiratesUganda Turkey Trinidad and Tobago Tonga
Thailand TanzaniaSyriaSwitzerlandSwedenSri LankaSpainSouth AfricaSloveniaSlovakiaSingaporeSaint LuciaRussian FederationRomaniaPortugalPoland
PhilippinesPeruParaguayPanamaPakistanNorwayNicaraguaNew Zealand
NetherlandsNamibiaMoroccoMongoliaMoldovaMexicoMauritiusMaltaMaldivesMalaysiaMadagascarMacedoniaMacauLuxembourgLithuaniaLebanon
Dominican RepublicDenmark Czech RepublicCyprusCroatiaCosta RicaChileCambodia
Burkina FasoBulgariaBrazilBoliviaBhutanBelizeBelgiumBarbadosBangladeshBahrainAzerbaijanAustriaAustraliaArmeniaArgentinaAlgeria
Countries
LatviaKyrgyzstanKuwaitKorea, SouthKazakhstanJamaicaItalyIsrael
IrelandIranIndonesiaIcelandHungaryHong KongGreeceGermanyGeorgiaFranceFinlandEthiopiaEstoniaEl SalvadorEgyptEcuador
FIGURE 1
JJI trend by year (excluding dimensions 2 and 4)
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Basic overview | www.americanprogress.o
Basic overview
Indicaors are generally used o measure he exen o which a specied objec-
ive or oucome was achieved. Tey can hus be used o assess perormance and
evaluae progress over ime in he achievemen o specied objecives and can be
helpul in making cross-counry comparisons.
Currenly, here is no single measure o jus jobs, bu a combinaion o several
indicaors may give a relaively accurae measure. Looking a a single indicaor
does no provide a comprehensive undersanding o jobs. Tis is he case wihsocial securiy, where he proporion o people receiving dieren ypes o benes
is capured, bu here may be concern regarding he qualiy and eeciveness o
services. In order o obain an accurae picure o jus jobs, hereore, i is neces-
sary o combine several indicaors ino an overall index.
One o he basic consideraions in consrucing an index is he issue o relevance
o he seleced indicaors. o his end, he JJI is made o be relevan o everyone—
people in low-, middle-, and high-income counries irrespecive o he ype o
work or indusry.
Te JJI is primarily anchored wih he Inernaional Labour Organizaion’s decen
work dimensions: employmen, social securiy, basic righs, and social dialogue.
Due o he lack o daa or he social securiy and social dialogue dimensions,
however, he curren version o he index includes only he employmen and
basic-righs dimensions.
Dimension 1: Employment
Te operaional deniion o he employmen dimension includes indicaors in
hree subdimensions: employmen opporuniies, income securiy, and employ-
men securiy.
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Employment opportunities are dened boh posiively and negaively. In a posi-
ive sense, he subdimension reers o employmen and labor-orce aciviy among
he relevan populaion base. In a negaive sense, i includes unemploymen and
lack o employmen opporuniies or specic groups o he populaions such as
youh. Te ollowing indicaors are used o measure he employmen opporuni-
ies subdimension:
1. Labor-force partici pation rate: he proporion o he populaion ages 15 and
older ha is economically acive—all people who supply labor or he produc-
ion o goods and services during a specied period.
2. Unemployment rate: he share o he labor orce ha is wihou work bu avail-
able or and seeking employmen.
3. Youth-unemployment rate: youh unemploymen as a percenage o he youh
labor orce.
4. Wage and salaried workers: hose workers who hold he ype o jobs dened as
“paid employmen jobs,” where he incumbens hold explici—writen or oral—or implici employmen conracs ha give hem a basic remuneraion ha is no
direcly dependen upon he revenue o he uni or which hey work.
Income security reers o he noion o an “adequae living wage” and can be mea-
sured using indicaors o rae o pay and GDP per capia. Te ollowing indicaors
are used o measure he income securiy subdimension:
5. Average real wages: he goods and services ha can be purchased wih wages
or provided as wages, expressed in real erms by adjusing or changes in con-
sumer prices.2
6. GDP per capita in purchasing-power parities, or PPPs: gross domesic produc
convered o inernaional dollars using purchasing-power pariy raes. An
inernaional dollar has he same purchasing power over GDP as a U.S. dollar
has in he Unied Saes. Purchasing-power pariies are he raes o currency
conversion ha eliminae he dierences in price levels beween counries.
Employment security reers o he sabiliy and securiy o work and is operaion-
alized using he ollowing indicaors:
7. Vulnerable employment rate: unpaid amily workers and own-accoun work-
ers as a percenage o oal employmen. Own-accoun workers are hose who
operae heir own economic enerprise or engage independenly in a proes-
sion or rade and hire no employees.3
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Basic overview | www.americanprogress.o
8. Share of employment by occupation: percenage o proessional occupaions
in oal employmen wih he groups dened by he classicaion, according o
he Inernaional Sandard Classicaion o Occupaions.4
9. Employment by status in self-employment: percenage o sel-employed work-
ers and presened as percenages o he oal employed.
Dimension 2: Rights at work
Te operaional deniion o he second dimension—righs a work—includes
wo subdimensions: saey a work and healhy work condiions, and equaliy o
reamen and opporuniy.
Safety at work and healthy work conditions are dened as he general condiions
ha preserve and promoe he physical and psychological inegriy o workers.
Tese are operaionalized using wo indicaors:
10. Usual hours worked: he “usual hours worked” per week idenies he mos
common weekly working schedule o a person in employmen over a seleced
period. Te recenly adoped inernaionally agreed-upon saisical deniion
o “usual hours worked” reers o he hours worked in any job during a shor
period such as one week, a longer period o ime, or more echnically as he
modal value o he “acual hours worked” per week over a longer observaion
period. Te deniion is applicable o all ypes o jobs, even hose where he
worker does no possess a working conrac such as in small-scale or amily
enerprises or in sel-employmen. “Usual hours worked” includes overime
ha occurs sysemaically every day or week and excludes ime no worked
on a usual basis. Tis indicaor is operaionalized by share o persons working
beween 49 and 59 hours.
11. Usual hours worked: he same deniion as indicaor 10, operaionalized by
he share o people working 60 or more hours.
Equality of treatment and opportunity reers o he equaliy o opporuniy in
employmen, occupaion, and equal pay or work o equal value. Tis subdimen-
sion is operaionalized using hree indicaors:
12. Female-to-male employment rate disparity: dened as indicaor 2 and calcu-
laed as an absolue value o he dierence rom 100.
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13. Female-to-male unemployment rate disparity: dened as indicaor 2 or emale
populaion and calculaed as an absolue value o he dierence rom 100.
14. Number of professional women to the number of professional men disparity:
reers o he deniion o indicaor 8 and is dened by reerring o he emale
share o employmen.
Constructing the index
Consrucing an index raises he quesion o how much weigh should be given o
dieren indicaors and which ormula should be used or combining qualiaive
and quaniaive indicaors. Te Jus Jobs Index atemps o demonsrae ha i is
possible o develop overall indices o air-jobs perormance. Tis involves deci-
sions on wheher o include quaniaive and qualiaive indicaors, he weigh o
be given o dieren indicaors, and heir combinaion ino an overall index.
Te consrucion o he JJI sars wih a simple approach o help assess he qualiy o
he daa, as well as o inerpre he resuls in a manner ha is ree rom mehodologi-
cal complexiies. Te variables used o consruc he JJI are measured in dieren
unis and wih dieren ranges. Average wages, or example, are measured dierenly
rom unemploymen raes. Te indicaors mus hereore be sandardized beore
being combined ino a single componen o he JJI. We sandardize each indicaor
on a scale o 0 o 10, wih 0 indicaing he wors and 10 indicaing he bes score.
Te sandardizaion is made based on specic ormulas depending on he value
and ype o indicaor and is implicaions oward he index. Each o he indicaors
in he ve subdimensions is relaed negaively or posiively o wha hey measure.
Te summary o he indicaors and heir implicaion is presened below. Based on
heir implicaion, he sandardizaion ormula is applied.
For indicaors wih posiive implicaions or he index—meaning a higher value indi-
caes a beter condiion—such as hourly wage raes, we use he sandardizaion as:
X i– min {X}
max{X} – min {X} I i = xS
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Basic overview | www.americanprogress.o
TABLE 6
Inside the JJI
Indicator ID Indicator description Implications
IND 1 Labor-force participation rate Positive
IND 2 Unemployment rate Negative
IND 3 Youth-unemployment rate NegativeIND 4 Wage and salaried workers Positive
IND 5 Average real wages Positive
IND 6 GDP per capita in PPP Positive
IND 7 Vulnerable employment rate Negative
IND 8 Share of employment by occupation Positive
IND 9 Employment by status in self-employment Positive
IND 10 Usual hours worked: 49 to 59 hours Negative
IND 11 Usual hours worked: 60 or more hours Negative
IND 12 Female-to-male employment rate disparity NegativeIND 13 Female-to-male unemployment rate disparity Negative
IND 14 Number of professional women to professional men disparity Negative
in which I irepresens he value o he sandardized indicaor or counry i; X
iis he
acual value o he relevan variable or counry i; min {X} is he minimum value o
he variable across all counries; max{X} is he maximum value o he variable across
all counries; and S is he maximum value o he range or he sandardized indicaor.
For indicaors wih a negaive implicaion o he index—meaning higher value
indicaes a worse condiion—such as unemploymen rae, he sandardizaion will
be conduced as:
max{X} – X i
max{X} – min {X} I
i= xS
Te score or each o he dimensions o he JJI will be calculaed rom he simple
arihmeic average o all he sandardized indicaors associaed wih ha compo-
nen. Once all indicaors are sandardized, an addiive index is consruced.
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For he purpose o consrucing he index, we used he ollowing seps:
1. Collecion o daa on 121 indicaors o decen work dimensions rom second-
ary daa sources or he 11 years rom 2000 o 2010
2. Daa cleaning and rening o he indicaors, resuling in 14 indicaors or ve
subdimensions o jus jobs3. Impuaions o missing daa or various counries
4. Consrucion o an addiive Jus Jobs Index
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Empirical properties o index components | www.americanprogress.o
Empirical properties
of index components
In his secion, we examine individual componens o he indices described earlier
o undersand he underlying mechanisms ha led o he ranking o counries. Te
ollowing panel shows he rend o componens o he index by economic region.
Opporuniies or work and income securiy are dimensions ha conribued o
he decline in rends exhibied earlier.
Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia
Middle East & North AfricaLatin America & Caribbean
High income: OECDHigh income: nonOECD
Europe & Central AsiaEast Asia & Pacific
100806040200 100806040200 100806040200 100806040200
Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia
Middle East & North AfricaLatin America & Caribbean
High income: OECDHigh income: nonOECD
Europe & Central AsiaEast Asia & Pacific
100806040200
Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia
Middle East & North AfricaLatin America & Caribbean
High income: OECDHigh income: nonOECD
Europe & Central AsiaEast Asia & Pacific
100806040200 100806040200 100806040200
201020092008
2007200620052004
2003200220012000
FIGURE 2
Opportunities for work
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Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia
Middle East & North Africa
Latin America & CaribbeanHigh income: OECDHigh income: nonOECD
Europe & Central AsiaEast Asia & Pacific
50403020100 50403020100 50403020100 50403020100
Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia
Middle East & North AfricaLatin America & Caribbean
High income: OECDHigh income: nonOECD
Europe & Central AsiaEast Asia & Pacific
50403020100
Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia
Middle East & North AfricaLatin America & Caribbean
High income: OECDHigh income: nonOECD
Europe & Central AsiaEast Asia & Pacific
50403020100 50403020100 50403020100
201020092008
2007200620052004
2003200220012000
FIGURE 3
Income security
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Empirical properties o index components | www.americanprogress.o
Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia
Middle East & North Africa
Latin America & CaribbeanHigh income: OECD
High income: nonOECDEurope & Central Asia
East Asia & Pacific
100806040200
100806040200
100806040200
100806040200
Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia
Middle East & North AfricaLatin America & Caribbean
High income: OECDHigh income: nonOECD
Europe & Central AsiaEast Asia & Pacific
100806040200
Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia
Middle East & North AfricaLatin America & Caribbean
High income: OECDHigh income: nonOECD
Europe & Central AsiaEast Asia & Pacific
100806040200 100806040200 100806040200
201020092008
2007200620052004
2003200220012000
FIGURE 4
Employment security
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22 Center or American Progress | Just Jobs Index 2013
Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia
Middle East & North Africa
Latin America & CaribbeanHigh income: OECD
High income: nonOECDEurope & Central Asia
East Asia & Pacific
100806040200 100806040200 100806040200 100806040200
Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia
Middle East & North AfricaLatin America & Caribbean
High income: OECDHigh income: nonOECD
Europe & Central AsiaEast Asia & Pacific
100806040200
Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia
Middle East & North AfricaLatin America & Caribbean
High income: OECDHigh income: nonOECD
Europe & Central AsiaEast Asia & Pacific
100806040200 100806040200 100806040200
201020092008
2007200620052004
2003200220012000
FIGURE 5
Safety at work and healthy work conditions
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Empirical properties o index components | www.americanprogress.o
Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia
Middle East & North AfricaLatin America & CaribbeanHigh income: OECD
High income: nonOECDEurope & Central Asia
East Asia & Pacific
100806040200
100806040200
100806040200
100806040200
Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia
Middle East & North AfricaLatin America & Caribbean
High income: OECDHigh income: nonOECD
Europe & Central AsiaEast Asia & Pacific
100806040200
Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia
Middle East & North AfricaLatin America & Caribbean
High income: OECDHigh income: nonOECD
Europe & Central AsiaEast Asia & Pacific
100806040200 100806040200 100806040200
201020092008
2007200620052004
2003200220012000
FIGURE 6
Equality of treatment and opportunity
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Gap and uture directions | www.americanprogress.o
Gaps and future directions
One o he challenges in he consrucion o a Jus Jobs Index is he lack o avail-
able daa on various indicaors relevan or jus jobs. Tis requires a remendous
amoun o work o veriy and cross-validae he daa obained rom secondary
sources or counries around he world.
Te ollowing seps would help he developmen o a more credible Jus Jobs Index:
• Procure beter daa a he inernaional level in order o expand he JJI o includecurrenly missing counries and oher imporan dimensions such as social secu-
riy and social dialogue.
• Veriy and cross-validae daa on jus jobs indicaors across counries when daa
on missing counries become available.
• Employ various weighing mechanisms such as he use o ranks.
• Conduc robusness checks on he index by carrying ou sensiiviy analysis on
he weighed index. Tis enails assessing he variaion o he index and ranking
o counries when some indicaors are included or excluded.
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Conclusion | www.americanprogress.o
Conclusion
Wih he Jus Jobs Index, we developed a new inernaional measure o jus jobs
ha broadens he global discourse on employmen beyond he common emphasis
on unemploymen and ha also addresses job qualiy. Mos developed European
counries ranked high on he index, while Cenral and Souh Asian counries and
Arican counries perormed he lowes. In addiion o presening preliminary
analysis o he resuls o he indices, he echnical easibiliy and he poenial
implicaion and use or policy are explained as well.
Despie his progress in consrucing a comprehensive index ha can be used or
assessing jus jobs, urher work is needed o improve he index. Tis can be done
by procuring beter daa a he inernaional level and including missing counries
in he index.
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28 Center or American Progress | Just Jobs Index 2013
Data sources
Daa relevan or he consrucion o he indices were gahered rom secondary
sources. Te iniial atemp was o gaher daa or 121 indicaors across he world.
Due o he lack o daa or mos indicaors, however, he index uses 14 seleced
indicaors. Te ollowing sources were he main providers o daa:
• International Labor Organization KILM database: htp://kilm.ilo.org/
manuscrip/kilm07.asp
• World Bank database of indicators: htp://daa.worldbank.org/indicaor
• U.N. Statistics Database, or UNSDS: htp://unsas.un.org/unsd/daabases.hm
Endnotes
1 Sensitivity analysis is an assessment o how the varia-tion in the nal index can be apportioned—qualitative-ly or quantitatively—to dierent sources o variationin the assumptions used to construct the indicators,including the selection o the indicators and o how theindex depends upon the inormation ed into it.
2 “Real wages” are dened in the International LabourOrganization, or ILO, resolution adopted by the EighthInternational Conerence o Labor Statisticians, or ICLS,in 1954. ILO, “Average monthly wages,” available athttp://kilm.ilo.org/manuscript/kilm15.asp (last accessedApril 2013).
3 ILO, “International Classication by Status in Employ-ment (ICSE),” available at http://laborsta.ilo.org/applv8/data/icsee.html (last accessed April 2013).
4 ILO, “Employment by occupation,” available at http://kilm.ilo.org/manuscript/kilm05.asp (last accessed April2013). International Standard Classication o Occupa-tions, 1988 (ISCO-88), with the ollowing major groups(1) Legislators, senior ofcials and managers; (2) Proes-sionals; (3) Technicians and associate proessionals; (4)Clerks; (5) Service workers and shop and market salesworkers; (6) Skilled agricultural and shery workers; (7)Crat and related trades workers; (8) Plant and machineoperators and assemblers; (9) Elementary occupations;and (10) Armed orces.
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