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I
. .
.
. ._ .
... . . .
Monier
Williams
D
C.L.
Bodsn Bofsasor of Jsnakdt Bxford.
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LIST O COSTENTS.
Pages
INTRODUCTION
(Likeness of two Basligeli Khfim).
SECTIONa . ) -A Sketch of tlie Bashgeli Kafirs
(b.)-Vocabulary and Paradigms of KalLsha
(Drawings of a Siah Posh Kafir and of a Gilgiti).
1.-List of Nouns alphabetically arranged,
2.-Numerals
3.-Names relating to time
4.-Adjectives
5.-Prepositions
6.-Pronouns
7.-The
VER
a.)-Imperatives
(b.)-Infiuitives
k
Imperatives,
(c.1-Conjugations
8.-Declens~ons
9.-Dialogues
10.-Kal6sha Proper Names, &c., &c.
11. A
Prayer of the Bashgeli Kafirs
12.-Appendix to Vocabulary
c.)-A
BRIEF HILOLOUICALSKETCHKALASHARAMMAR,
1.-Mode of spelling adopted
2.-Mode of eliciting words or forms..
.-The Article in Kalhsha
4.-The Declension of the Noun
5.-The Numerals
6.-The Pronouns
7.-The Verb
8.-Kal4sha compared with
Gilgiti
and
Amy%
(d.)-DESCRIPTIONO
THE
ILLUSTRATIONS
(Drawing of Jamsh&dand Maps of Kbfiristhn.)
(e.)-List of remaining material
nd
note
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I~~,IJIEDI.~TELTefore, and at the conclusion of, Dr. Bellew's
able and instructive Lecture on Krifiristhn and the Kafirs, the gem in
~vhicli, thiiik, is his attempt to identify the Gandharidce of the Greeks
with the Kamoji Kafirs, Sir Robert Egerton, who has always taken an
interest in my linguistic enquiries, strongly urged me not to delay
a ny longer the publication of
m y
material regarding the Siah Posh
Kafirs which had
olle ted
iu 1866 67 nd to which
I
had added in
9872
Accordingly, began writing out some notes that had with
.me on one-the first-of the Kafir dialects, with which had come
in
contact, intending to send them, when elaborated, to
s
philological paper,
when Captain
A.
D. Anderson, the indefatigable Sec~etaryf the United
Service
institution
of India, diverted their destination to this Journal
yklndly assuring me that with a sketch of the maliners of the Bashgeli
Rafirs, a Map of Kafiristhn and surrounding countries, and some illus-
trations, I migilt make the linguistic portion acceptable to the Indian
.public, especially now that travellers of the determination of Major
Tanner we? bent on exploring the remaining mysteries of Kbfiristin
and that all e other countries included in, what was once called, the
Neutral Zone were attracting so much general attention. My
sketch and notes were ready on the
5th
September last,, but the repro-
duction of the Photographs and Drawings, which, I regret to say, has
not been so successful as usual, has delayed the publication of m y paper
bevond the time during which i t might have possessed an immediate
value.
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S K E T C H OF
TH E BASHGELI KAFIRS A N D O F THEIR
LANCIUAGE.
Y
G
W.
LEITNER,
I.L.D.,
Late
09 vecial
du ty n
Kasl~rnir,
c., on
nzission
of
linguistic
enquiry, by
order of the
Panjab Qovernme?zt
SIMLA,
~ 9
EPTEXBER879.
INPERFECTs the following Sketch may
be,
I
submit it for
the use of those travellers who, like Major Tanner, are attempting
to enter Kafiristan by way of Chitral. llavies' Trade Report informs
us that the Bashgeli Kaflrs live under the rule of Chitrhl, whose Chief,
Aman-111-Malk, sells members of that race from time to time into
slavery, in order to raise his revenue. I believe that these Kafirs, whose
lanpage, KalAsha, is spoken, or at any rate, understood, by neighbour-
ing independeut Kafirs, would be an excellent medium of communication
with the more distant tribes. In order, however, to obtain their confi-
dence it is necessary to know a little of their language, which, in wild as
well as in civilized countries,
is
the key to sympathy and infor-
mation. Dr. Bellew has given us several amusing instances
of the
difficulty of eliciting from a Kafir, with whom he could converse in
Persian, the equivalents even for objects that can be
counted or
pointed out or for the first three persons of the present tense of th e verb
to be. The difficulty which
I
encountered in endeavouring to elicit
grammatical forms from the Kafirs, altogether five in number, whom,
for varioua brief periods between 1866 and 1875,
I
had in m y ser-
vice, may, therefore, be appreciated.* I shall be content if this sketch
Bimt point to objects in order to learn thei r namee, the n br ing them in connexion
with such simple bodily w ants as can be indica ted by gestores. Th is causea one of
the men , i f t he re
be two , t o o rde r t he o the r to b r in g t h i e , t h a t o r t h e o t h er , t o
come, to go, &c., which elicits t h e imperative form.
Tlle reply ordina ri ly gives ei th er an aff irmative o r th e f i rat perso n of an indicat ive
present or futnre.
Of oourse, the same soun d or the inflect ion of th e same word haa t o be
closely fol lowed. Th en use yourself the l r a t person, w hich s tarts oonveraat ion an d bring9
o u t the second person an d so for th .
I
can no t underatan: the d B o u lt y in ge t t ing Dr. Bellew's Kafir beyond
I
ten '
Hav ing been told one an d "ten," "eleven follows as a m at te r of oourse,
e g :
t he
qnest ioner repeats "one, ten' ' on which th e Kafir lau gh s
;
his warns th e ques tioner t o
inve rt t he o rde r and t o say e n , one which th e Kaf i r would immediate ly ta ke up an d
cor rec t i n to " t en nd one," g ivin g one th e benefit of a conjun ction or of th e infle tion
of ten, which
may
be a guide to a genit ive and is sur e to be. of some ure hereafter.
T l ~ e
difficulty with Kafir num erals ar ises a t qui te a different rtage. T h a t Dr . Bellew's
Kaf i r could not t rans la te
I
am thou
art
he is s more ictelligible. Th e verb of
existence can rarely b e ascertained
i n
t h i s way . I t mus t be sough t fo r t h rough t he cor -
rection of sen tim ents like Kafir good M ussulm an bnd
I
thou, brother" (with
appro priate gestures between t h e words) and so forth.
Of
course, one in oonstantly mislrd
by one's own stupidity or the misapprehensions,
if
not the evarions, of the person intcrro .
gated
even a t th e above e lementary s tages of enq ui ry
;
nor i s t he re
a
roya l road t o t he
acqaisi t ion of th e language of a barbarian, even when one's task is g reat ly faci l i tated by
h ~ enowledge of a common medium of com mun ication. Circumstances, which c m n o t be
predicted or always arranged for , mu st be made uue of, a s they ar ise , in o rder to g ive
freshnee8 to one's work. Above al l , th e enqu irer must have lea rn t to dist inguish between
th e thonght and th e word which expresees i t , for which his bes t prepara t ion is t o have
acqu ired in early l i fe a famil iar knowledge of , a t least , tw o lnngunges
;
otherwise, tlre
appliral ion of phi lological rules wil l eu rer by th e orsified condit ion of th e mind of ~ l l e
investigator.
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4 )
of one of th ei r language s serves
s
a starting-point for further research
an d saves a future traveller th e first and almost unsurmo untable diffi-
cu lty of infle cting a noun or verb, or of constructing a sentence. My
Dardistan, th e first p a rt of which was publishe d early in 867 and of
which th e present sketch is, in part, an extrac t, has,
I
am glad t o find, served
a s a pioneer for th e labors of sub seq uen t travellers a nd residents, with ou t
which the ir efforts m us t have been somewhat ba rren of results.
This
fate m ay be predicted for researches in th e rem aining portions of what was
once called he ne utra l zone, unless l l th e e xisting materia l, especially
the linguistic portion,
is
publishe d as a basis for th e labors of our
explorers, whose pluck is
as
undeniable s their general inability to
acquire a new language. Ev en t h e most distinguislied am ateurs
i n
philology make such mistakes as to render the abstract term de ath
by a dead policeman or to give th e puzzled answer what do you
.
want
as
th e equ ivalent of the ir enquiry abo ut th e native name for mid-
dle finger. Persons se nt on special expe ditions often pass by the most
interesting inscriptions, of which the y m erely report th a t th e characters
a re neither G reek nor Persian, instead of obtaining, if it be only a rub-
bing on a b it of pape r of one of thes e characters. Ev ery informa tion,
however fragmentary, should be welcomed.
I
understand that Major
Tanner is ill near Gilgit, and, if this be the case, or if there be still time
to comm unicate with him, th e opportunity may be taken of drawing
his attention
to
th e Basligeli Kafirs, with whom he is likely
first to come int o contac t and from whose co-operation, under
judicious management,
his
mission is likely to receive a n d d i -
tional element of success. I also hope, th a t in the trans literation of
sounds, Major Tan ner will ad opt th e spelling usual in ordinary English
words (explaining, of course, his system by prefixing examples to his work)
an d th at he willavoid th e Hu nterian m ethod which presupposes a correct
knowledge of th e natu re of sounds, bu t which, by misusing th e accent,
confounds ~ro nun cia t ionwith accentuation, v z h e rendering of th e
sound with the syllable on which stress should be laid.
T h e two KalBsha-speaking Ka firs in my service were, th e one,
a
subjec t of Chitrirl, the other an in de pe nd en t Kafir.
They were both
prisoners obtained by H is Highness th e Maharaja of Kashm ir
in th e course of his war with the tribes beyond th e Ind us in 1866 of
which details may be read in m y Dardistan, art 111 Th e men were
called Ba tshu and Malek respectively, an d looked like Hi nd us of th e
Himalayas.
This bears out th e statem ent of Drs. Bellew and Tru m pp
that the Kafirs were originally Hindus, a view with which I only very
partially agree. The y were placed a t my disposal by th e M aharaja,
at
th e instance of th e Pan jab Government, and lived in m y house a t
Lah ore for several weeks, du ring which time , however,
I
could only
send for them on about a dozen occasions.
Finally, the heat of the
plains drove them back to their bondage in K ashm ir.
The men were
well-behaved, though they boasted tha t in their country tbey literally
dr an k th e blood of slain Muham madan and bit his heart, I presume,
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more from bravado than from that penchant to cannibalism, with which
they were credited previous to m y tour in Dardistan in 1866, an d
which even one Dardu tribe erroneously ascribes to another, although
i t may only be separa ted from i t by a single m ountain. Many of th e
notes which p u t down in 186 7 are now lost or have been rendered
illegible by th e lapse of tim e, wh ilst none can now be se nt for from
Lahore ; ut remember t ha t one of th e youths had ligh t eyes and
was fairer th at an ordinary high-caste H ind u of th e plains. As regards
th e ir religion have elsewhere given one of the ir prayers, bu t i t seemed
to me th at the ir ideas had become affected by their passage throu gh,
and stay, brief as i t may have been, in Kashmir, when they mu st have
come in contact with Hindus, who, knowing thn t th ey were bit ter
enemies of Mu hamm adans or, a t an y rate, not Muhammadans, tried to
mak e them believe th at they were themselves H indus, in pursuance of
th a t proselytizing policy of Ka shm ir to which have alluded elsewhere.*
Th e two Kafirs spoke of Ind ra and Mahadeo, bu t it is possible th at the y
were taug ht these names in Kashmir , a lthough mu st adm it tha t th e
account which my Munshi obtained from them and which have added
to thi s Ske tch, agreed with th a t of other e nquirers into th e religion of th is
mysterious race
pace
Dr. Bellew). All th e afin th at met seemed
to me to
be
devoid of any very active sp irit of religion. Jam she d, th e
nephew of General Feramorz, preten ded th a t he mas a Ch ristian, an d
asserted th a t his uncle used to assemble once a week th e Kafirs in th e
service of th e Am ir of Kab ul, an d to tell the m th at Jes us was th e S on of
God, and th at hymns were sung on th e occasion. Ghara, th e man to
whom D r. Bellew has referred in th e course of his Le ctu re as not hav-
ing
been heard of after his return to his country, has since corresponded
w ith th e Missionaries of Peshawa r and has asked for Christi an Inst ruc-
tors, of whom two, Faz l-Haq an d N uru llah visited him a t
his village
Shaidarlam
(vide
account elsewhere). W ha t elicited from th e two
Bashgelis was : (1) th at they put a stone on to a cairn on th e top of
mo untain to which they proceed once a year a s a religious exercise 2 )
th a t the num ber of Muham madan heads hu ng up in front of t,heir
doors indicates the ir position in th e tribe (this was confirmed to me
b y
My experiejice bears ou t a similar state me nt m ade by Mr.
A .
C. Lyall,
Fore ign Secre tary t o the Supreme Government,
n
a well known discussion with an i l lus-
tr ious phi lologist .
Of these a t tempts by Hin dus to proselyt ize wrote in
186
:
have a l ready not iced tha t ,
in
spi te of th e exclueiveness of Hinduiam, a t te m pt s ar e m ad s
by th e Maharaja of Kashm:r to gather in to th e fold those racee
and oreeds which,
merely because they are not Muhammadan, are induced by him t o cons ider themselves
Hind u. For ins tance , th e S iah Poel l Kaf ir s , whom ven ture nlso to conaider Dards, have
a n ancient form of na tur e worship which i s being encroached upon by H indu myths , not
because the y are al togeth er congenial, b ut because the y const i tuta th e rel igion of t h e
enemies of Muhammadans , the ir own bi t ter foes, who kidn ap th e pre t ty Kaf i r g i rl s , and
to kill whom establiahea a clnim among Kafirs to consideration.
n
th e same way, there
is a revival of Hind uism in th e Bu dd his t coun tr ies of Lada k and Zansk ar, which belong
to Kaahm ir, an d ideas of caste are welcomed wh ere a few yc ars ago they were nnknown.
As no one can become a Hind u, (except through t h e creat ion of an addi t ional caste) , but
an y one may become a Nuhammadan (wi th fu l l p r iv il eges) , H indu i sm i s a t a na tu ra l
disadvantage in i t s contact wi th an advancing creed and, therefore, there
is
t he more
reason why zealous H ind us abould seek to strength en themselvea by th e amalgamotion
wit h oth er idolutrous creeds.
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the sepoys of the Maharaja of Kashmir on my way to Gilgit in
1866
;
3 ) that they sit on benches or stools and not on the floor; (4) that they
like all those
who
wear a curl in front
;
6) that they are great mine-
drinkers, in which respect they resemble their brethren, the Dards. Dr.
Bellew's account seems to confirm my worst anticipations regardiug the
absorption of these races of whom I thus wrote in 18G9
6 To any one interested in the remnants of an ancient civilization,
the absorption of the Dard races which is now going on is naturally a
melancholy event. The legends and songs which I collected at Gilgit
in 1866 will not live for many generations after most of its inhabitants
have been dispersed to more savage or more orthodoxJJ regions, or
have completely come under foreign rule. The Bluhammadan Afghans
will encroach on the inhabitants of the Hindu Kush, till the last blue-
eyed Kafir girl has been sold into slavery (perhaps by her own father
as an act of propitiation of his Rluslim neighbour) or till the monotony
of Islam has smothered the a t i o n a l life which resisted the attack of
Timur.
The earliest reference to tlie Ka lhha Kafirs is made by Mackenzie
Turner who says: he Kafin are divided as follows
:
1
Kamozties, in hills round Chitril
;
2. Knllush, near Chillas ant1 Gilgit
;
3 Kuttars, near Kunur;
4. Gunlbir, above Lugm4n.
His No. 2.-I read as follows : Kalbsh near Chiles and Gilgit.
These are my Kalbha Kafirs, whilst i t is as obvious as it is a correct state-
ment, that the Kataris live near Kunar and that Gambir is above Lugh-
mbn. wide Nos. 3 and of Turner's division of the Kafirs, which, on the
whole, seems to me to be the one most likely to be in accordance with
fact.) have added Photos or drawings of Kafirs from KalBsh, Katdr and
Gambir to the present Sketch for purposes of comparison. My KalP-
shas said that they lived in a country called lUwmurlt (which have put
down as a village in my vocabulary,) whilst the name of the KalJsha
District, partly still inhabited by Bashgeli K d r s , dccurs on my map
prepared on information gathered by me between 1866-72, arld which
continues to be the one that contains the greatest number of names of
places and has served as the (unacknowledged) basis of several official
maps and routes prepared during and after that time, as can be proved
by the quotation of misprints and the misapplication of 1inguist)ic o
geographical appellations. Near thi s country of Mun~u~ they said the
following places were well-known these my Munshi put down as
Broana, Uneegh, Butrik, Khurkhura, Regmoon, Bario, whilst my simul-
taneous notes on the subject are either lost or mislaid and my vocn-
bulary has only Rongml and Birih, which
I take to be the Munshi's
Regmoon and Bario. The inhabitants of Muntuldt, Rongml and
Birih are allowed to intermarry,
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The Kafirs, whom my Munshi called Kala Sheha Kafirs, informed
us that they worshipped Mahadcv, to whom they built a stone-tem le,
which they visited for purposes of prayer. Females were not alloweJ to
go to the temple. When the KalBsha Ka6rs want to eat meat, they take
a goat to the temple, where they kill the animal with a blow from
a sword. (This agrees with similar accounts regarding other tribes of
Kafirs.)
Their Gods, my men said, were Nahader as above), Engo, is
brother and Indr, to which statement
my
Munshi adds Kishmaee and
Khudaee, viz. Indr-Kishmaee and Khudaee.
The Kafirs said to the Munshi we do not allow travellers to pass
through our country, because the Raja of Chitrhl sells us as slaves and so
do his people whenever they can catch us. When the chotee (lock
of hair, like that worn by Hindus) is found on the head of a stranger,
we treat hi111 with courtesy, but if he do not wear i t we kill him. Our
religion is not founded on any book and we are ignorant of reading and
writing.
The Munshi further reports heir marriage custom is very curious.
f the parents of the girl are poor they say to the parents of the boy
please not to come to our place, we shall come to yours with our
daughter for the marriage ceremony ; but if, on the contrary, the parents
of the girl are rich, they send for the parents of the boy and treat them
with the greatest hospitality.
The women wear a kurta like the Kashmiris and a topi like that
of thc women of Gilgit and Chilas.
(All, and only, the Dardu trlbes
wear this cap, which is a bag, sometimes of embroidered c:oth, rolled up
over the.ear). The Kalinha women, however, add strings of cowries
round the common Dardu cap. This cap is another pfoof of the Ka li-
sha Kafirs belongiug to the Dardu race.
The following are the products of their country: Wheat, Rice,
Mungi, Mah, Barley and Corn. Nothing grows there except these
;
hey
have grazing grounds for their goats and live on them.
As regards the tribal divisions among the KalBsha Kafirs, my Mun
shi's notes ate as follows. They are divide? into the following sects :
Throokclarre, Shala-kd-dare?, Bollya-sing-now, Rdchd-vi-now, Bodee-
daree Bambooree-now, Rachagoshdaree, laprenow,
Ndjuk
hlurcilee.
Among these castes the Th~ookdaree is considered the best, like
tli
castes of Brahmins and Thakurs among Indians, Bumbooree-now and
lsprenozu are considered the most gentle sect.
My
own notes agree so far with those of the Munshi as
p r ~ t
down the To~ikdur i s one of the two high castes. They are evi de~ tl y
his TI~rookdarae; but he has not gircn the other high caste, namely thi:
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Buti&rz , evidently his Bohe-daree.
My Shalek-dari is evidently
his Shala-kzirddree and my Bambu~naQ is Bumboorre-now,-but my
Rajawdri is omitted, unless it
is
the same
s
his Rdchdvd-now or his
Racl~a-gosh-daree,whilst I cannot find my equivalents for his Iqn-e-
mow, Najuk, Muralce and Bollya-sing-now.
When a person dies he is put into a box and then placed in a dis-
tant jungle.
They do not bury or burn their dead.
(This agrees with
what is reported of the customs of other Kafir tribes).
The nearest
kindred of the deceased keep deep mourning for forty days.
When a
father dies,
his
son shuts the door of his abode and confines himself
t his room for forty days. When this period is past, some man of
standing in the tribe takes the son out of his room, gets his head shaved
and washed, has new clothes put on the mourner and consoles
him
When a son is born, great rejoicings take place.
Guns are fired
o and large parties are entertained to dinners. The mother of a
new-born son secludes herself for twenty days, but if she hai given birth
to
a
daughter, her husband confines himself in a house for the same
period. Similar practices contingent on menstruation and gestation
have been reported from other
Kafir
tribes.
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VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR O F TH LANGUAGE OF
THE B SHCIELI
KAFIRS
VOCABULARYN D GRAMMAR
F
THE KALASHA ANGUA GE
FOLLOWED BY
Dialogues and a pl~ilologicalSketch
o
that Zanguuge
s
zoell s a brief
,
Comparative Vocabulary and Paradigms of Kald~ica
Gilgiti and ArnyidSJJ
English.
Abode
Arm
Almond
Altar
Apple
ss
Apricot
Air
Ant
Arrow
Beard
Bear
Breast
BOY
Girl
Brave man
Bird
Blood
Boat
Bone
Brass
Bridge
Brick
Bread
Brother
Buffalo
Butter
Bride
KaZhha.
hand.
hhrkin.
biyels.
. hand hdnd= emple..-
. oshon6u.
gordok.
ajai
sina (word) shilak.
pililek.
, Ero ; shingtom=bow
;
the wooden
part= shong.
... shh.
itz.
gro
;
shhtshu.
udh
strija gurok.
...goatinn.
patshenk.
.
lui (niao).
drin (leather bladders).
at1
harila
shin ?
. mundi.
awh.
baya, b y
... (there are none).
pratshno.
ajakari (bride) ; trija wife.)
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Bridegroom
Business
purush.
krorbm, krbmm.
c a p
Cold
Cavern
Cure, medicine
Cheeks
Cheese
Clothes
Comb
Country
Coward
Cat
Cloud
Candle
Copper
Cotton
Cock
Cow
Curds
Crow
Darkness
Dish
Dance
Dekchi (kettle)
Door
Daughter
As an exclamation
Oh little girl
Day
Dog
EyeEyebrows
Eyelid
Ear
Earth
Soil
k6x r.
trrtmdns
(?).
krde.
wezF
k li
(?}.
. pinda (?).
. . shQu (distitr= turban
;
pirln=
wai~tcoat butt=drawers.)
kandayak.
...desh.
biheuder ;bibu.
pbshak.
bashik, (rain) mdndji.
lutsh (light).
. gondali (dish) tshukura.
krawas.
kakanwiik.
...
gak.
nib.
kagra.
tramashhng.
karri
;
gondali
...nAt.
kawao.
dubr (?).
shnh.
tshfi.
dada
.. bhan ;adoa rhtau =night.
sheon.
Qtsh.
ejganduk.
...
etshpdhluk.
koron.
shbmm.
do. pio.
Names for God
and portions
of
Hingio.
dushman.
ondrak.
trmush.
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Finger
Father
Fire
Flame
Fish
Fly
Flower
Flour
Foot
Fort
Ford
Fruit
Friend
Forehead
Food (bread)
Garden
Goat
She-goat
Gold
Grass, hay
Green grass
Gun
Hair, curls.
Hand
Head
Herald (messenger)
Honey
Heat
Heaven
Horse
Hut
House
Heart
Husband
Iron
Ring
Lead
Language, speech, word
Lake
Leaf
Leather
Leopard
ango.
wawa.
anghr.
gulshpl.
matzi.
mangajik.
gbambhri.
at
tt.
khrr (dheink=leg)
;
kushurtik=
knee
;
broink=thighs.
k tt
(hdnd=temple).
.
hguni, wazhi
mew .
dari
?),
nila.
Qu.
gurzenn.
bf ra.
: phi.
soa.
kass, sbitshta khlss.
gdla khlss.
opbk, tupbk.
tshui
;
shuri.
. peen pilon.
shish.
khalhrero.
matsherik.
huluk ?).
. di, asman.
hhshsh.
tshittak hand (little house).
ghona hand (great house).
11th.
.
berh.
tshimur.
shh, shahl shah gfirok.
adzis; bullet=br6 ;w z=powder.
moudr.
sardawai.
pr6n.
. gao
\
JO 0.
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Light
of a candle)
Lightning
Limit
Lips
Load
Man
Male
arriage
Meat
Milk
Medicine,
cure
Mill
Monkey
Month
Mother
Mountain
Great mountain
Mouth
Mist
Musquito
Musical instrument
Morning
Model
Neck
Name
Night
Nose
Noise
Oath
Oil
Property
Pain
Perspiration
Place
Plant
Price
Rain
Ring
Reward, present
River
p d k , l b i
atsh.
. win prau) dedayang= thunder.
khonda
. bsht.
. phar.
.
. khhala.
PBh
..
J
.m6sa.
. shlrr.
.
wed 1).
.
j6nter
mrakro.
...aya
... Kin.
.
ghona sbnn,
g h o h a
. .usht.
mendjamb.
...mengajik.
...
whdj bandjai=play.)
.
shrtupami
;
tshanpa= to-day ;
ondja=to-morrow.
nora=new
;
ajna=old).
. om
...h m 1 ) nbm.
. rat,t,
.
natshor.
.
hunk
; bk.
.
shatt
;
shullo manhandei
?).
.
eue.
. m41
. riphlle;
hf~lluk.
...awata 1).
.
kandhlek,
. q ?
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Rope
R ~ a d
Rule, custom
Sal t
Sabre
Service, work,
Sheep
F
Saddle
Servan t
Shoe
Saw
Silver
Spr ing
Sister
S k i n
Sp ring (water)
S k y
S Y
Stomach
Smell
Sna ke
Snow
Stockings
Son
Song
Spor t
S t a r
Stone
Great ston
Little stone
S u n
ilk
ax
Temple
Thunder
Tiger
T i m e
Tobacco
Tongue
Tooth
Town
Tree
Tria l
Tr ibe
Little
town, village
radjhk.
ppibnn, pbnn.
asttir.
bn.
.
kangitr.
krbmm.
mhsh.
.
amea, amrea.
hunn.
shhderr.
kalum.
gir.
nia
bassum.
baba.
. p6i
htz.
dl.
hdriu.
khtsh.
b6.
g6kk;
kirik.
djerab.
putr.
grb, qrbn.
m n r h
2).
tari.
ba t t .
ghona batt .
o h u t e k ? (tshittak) batt.
suri.
..
sikimm.
hangi.
hdnd ?).
diday8ng.
u6u.
waqt.
amakS
djlpp.
dandoork.
Shahar
?)
.
grbmm.
.
.ma t t .
dj6ni ?)
Attr
?)
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TI
l u t e
Tu rban
Village
Voicc
Wa t e r
\Val
1
Win e
Wintcr
Wife
TVoman
Wood
Wol f
Vool
,, goats
Word
East
Wes t
Right
Le f t
haugi.
...
distar.
.
. gromm.
kondgek.
. hk,
lg.
... dighra.
. .
dB.
. hdmmnn
...
strija.
. shul8,
.
grhast.
pas11.
. rnro ?)
. mondr
...
slin prau.
.
tslinltk IW~ I I ) .
.
drht~tslio.
karh i
..
k.
...
dli.
.
.
1 b
. . shht~.
...
puwl j
. r.lv.3.
siitt.
.. as11t.
nb.
dash.
...
d ~ j t ? ~ .
.
dajc 1
ha.
... ,, trdn.
,, tslibua.
... ,, ponclja
.
.
silos.
,, satin.
,, ashta.
.. ,, n6d
. bislii.
bishije
el;.
,,
dii
. ,,
dasli.
31-bishije.d:~je-rga.
- ditto dua c om1>~ r e ith 11,
12
kc. kc .
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6
40
... du hishi.
50 du bishi dash,
60
.
rebishi.
70
...
,,
dash.
80
shau bist~i.
90
,,
,,
dash:
100
... pondj bishi.
200
da3li
,,
1 000
o
term for
a
thousand.
l ~ OOO ... ditto.
b). Ordinals, c.
Firat
...
Bgis 1 ) shumerau.
Second
.
pishtan, Qgis pishto (the
one
after
the first.)
Third ...mots ne or doim pishto=the one
after the second ;
motshuna
Fourth ... trein pishto=(the one after the
third.)
Fifth ... sl~orlin ishto.
Half . kh6nda
S. NAXES RELATING TO CIME,
Day
.
briss.
To-day
...
6ndja.
Midday .. Idno.
Tomorrow
gh4l i (?) shdpa
After tomorrow tone.
Yesterday
. dosh, dbsh, doshtshdpa:
Th-
d
iy before yesterday
.:. wai
k,ha.
Week
. sahant
;
att basan.
Fort~light . khorlda
mastrukh
; u
sahant.
Month
...
n~astrukk.
Year
au.
Spring
.
basun.
There are no aamea for the days of tlia week
Tliere are tw main
dinaim8
months : he summer
and
the winter months : ollly the great men know heir name#,'
4 - ADJECTIVE^.
All ;.. tshikk.
Broad . birr.
Little
.
titshek.
Long, freat
...
dlPga.
Lou11(voice) ...h~i ta la
Crooked
...
kotbk.
.
Clean
p:cgizn.
8idrw.cy~
.
koro-khil.
Str;tigLt
.
. Qdjak
Dirty nuzP.
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Y
Deep
Wet
ar
Near
Necessary
Good
Great
Beautiful
Bad
Much, very
Hard
Ugly
Soft
Poor
Generous
Liberal
Rich
Heavy
Ligl~
Hot
Cold
Hralthy
H
~ ~ g r y
M srrly
Tllir..ty
Low
L:t
r qe
IIig
h
:
nzll
11
New
0111
TI e
False
Q l ~ i c k make haste)
Qi ick
(come quickly)
Mlt~w
lcqw
ICipe
ogh
St t~ol~th
I:
lurid
Gq t~are
Sweet
die 1n611dr
e
peak the
f Adihoi psri = e quick
...
sbbhts .
...
ghct.
.
glIl
...
dQha
... tAdiiks
. .gllattu ?):
. yrusht.
...drfga.
shishhyek, also pruabt.
. khstbh, shAla.
... b6
phauglna
. nazg
6sti.
...
malintshak.
gharibldy.
prhsht m6tshi=good
sbfkin.
..
daulanman.
...
8gQroka, upirako.
... tz5t.lk.
...
hhluk.
... 6sh.
...
streka ?).
atl6ra.
..
ktiske
nd
d a l k he gives to no one.
... ddll , dahan I ?
.
.
passt.
... ghonci.
hhtale.
...sllimllndyekh, tsh tek.
. mbfin
I )
bey-der ,
ndra.
... Ihjna.
.
Qdjek,*
lewallh
. adihii-f.
;..
kashiip.
...
bribh.
d6nga.
patshilalb.
hkrra.
. . 16nsht.
pindQri.
... shBu grdni.
...
mahora
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Sour ... ~ h b k r d
Bi t t e r
. .
t s h i ~ h t a k .
Thiok
...
bit
tffla.
F a t
...
thla.
T h i n
...
palftshok
[A
lean
man
...p h a u g f n a
(b). Names of
Colours.
Red
... a t s h b .
Yellow
.,.bedh.
Blue ... nila.
Green . harilek.
Black
.
kdina
W h i t e
..
gora.
P i n k ...zirnutsh.
Many coloured tehikm ishh ri
~ . - P ~ O S I T I O N S ,
c
Above nta le ; allis.
Beneath .,. bernmen.
Between
...
m0,the.
Before
...
O
In
former times
...
8t t
;
tshira.
Bellinti
...
pishto.
In flitlire tim um l: rr.
W ithin (come) . udrfman (I) =come inside.
W i t t ~ o u t go)
.. binilk
(pari =go outside.
Here (come)
... ayh ( i =come here.
There
,.. prahhkk.
W h e r e
.
kawnl (parho) =w here did you go
Now
...
sh611d,i'.
I ,
th is t ime= ondje
adoa
W h e n
. khi (6 m i)= when
did
you buy i t
W h o kfiro
tG)
=
who are
you
?
What kfe.
W h i c h . Pe k u ra , =w hi ch is
it ?
his .. ek a yaso.
T h a t .., eka trkso.
W h y
.
.
k a [parizdai]=why do you go ?
H o w .,. klih11ti.
How many ...korn3n
1).
Yes
...
Tllrre sppenrs to be no word for yeu''; at any
rate oonld
not get my-,
th in g m ore eatiafactory than the following
Q.-Aw/
d r h w P Have yon eaten bread
?
A -Awci
drhim.
I have eaten bread.
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But
Or
As
s
Also
Always
Until
Again
All
Therefore
Little
Much
I
Of
me
To me
By
me
From
me
Me
we
Of u s
To us
y
us
From us
Thou
Of t h
By
thee
From
thee
You
Of J
U
o
you
BY
You
From you
...
nb
e
?)
added to the word
like
Lati11
q~ l e ) .
i3
rendered
by a
correlative
sen.
teuce vide
dialogues).
...
t ; i
k6i
arnnprkn~).
...shiil ~
krom)=y
L
h :;
=
k
... ist
2 )
..
harr i~c lo
...
nh at end
of sentence).
... gbri.
...
t ~ h i k k .
kdy kr6mna.
hii kromna,
...
itsllek.
. .L6.
:.. a14
atshikk=we
all 1
. h6mo.
htma.
...homo-tBda.
...Lbulo-pi.
...h6rno
cljagai=see).
...
to kushalatai.
...
t6i.
...
t:ii
tida,
... t i i
PI.
... abstshikk.
m f m e .
...mimi
..
mimi-tlda,
:.. mimi-pi.
He
Of him
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To him
By him
From hinz
They
Of them
To them
By them
From them
She
Of her
To her
By her
From her
They f
Bring
See
Go
Give
Sit
Be silent
Hear
Eat
Take away
Cut
Come
Drink
Stop
Do
Ask
Look
Play (the d6l)
Run
Laugh
Light
Weep
Dance
Sigh
Speak, read
Beat
Bind
Kill (strike dead
shdli.
isi.
Bsi =shBsi.
shasi-tada.
shBsi-pF
a.
bsa
Bsa.
Bsii-tada:
isB-pi.
like the
masculine
TH VERB
a,) Imperatives
bni.
djag6i.
prk, ph i .
,...dB
nisl.
hhk m khre=make no noise.
sang
;
ronn kares=give your
ear.
j4
hari.
tshmi, tshinni.
1.
pl.
m6 p5re=da not go.
kire,
kiiri
putshna
?)
phtsiii.
djagai,
wkdj bandjai.
. kashhp pari=go quickly
kgtras, krfitas,
upr6i.
t16y.
nlit kari.
pQshi.
nlonnde (monn de
1
16y
b6niJ bh6ni
>JI3 L hr6y.
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pen
Stamp
Sing
Sleep
s h u t
Get up
Fall
Lift
Wake
Weigh
Write
Understand
Unfasten
Awake
~ : e
Lock
Unlock
Want
Raise
Catch hold
Sell
Let
go
Tear, break
S ow
Throw away
Boil
Roast
Do
not forget
l iw
Call
Cook
Count
To
ask
Imp
; buy
Imp
,,
sell
Imp
I I-un
Imp
,,
sew
Imp
,,
be silent
;..
umr&i.
.
pogroln
dB.
.
grbn did, grbn d6.
.
prasliy.
khri.
.
ishti.
.
shirGus.
uprii.
Gshti.
. er&zu 61i.
. niwdji, niw6je.
...
djedni
... ukashi.
{
:c hdtum.
... niishi.
.. durr khri,
n
kk&ri.
n d umrai.
. .
gati
?),
, uprit~
.
grii, (hlsh grii. =catch hold of
the horse.)
.
.
brf nn kids.
astii.
shini.
I
S1.
. histi.
haltii, wbho dQ
. s
de.
. . mi3 pr8shmos.
.
phushe.
tshln.
. au kare,
... jmarby.
b . ) nfinit ivee and Imperativee
... utshi.
.putshi.
.. qre
?)
. dedjen qr bs .
.
brinkrbk.
. bn'nkres, brinn
kiris
adhkh.
adhihi.
sisfk (tshdn
sf
hunk ntl k6rik.
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Imp
To sleep
Imp
,,
strike
I?np
; .bring
Imp.
take away
Imp
,, tear
Imp
,,
give
lmp
,,
tell
Imp
,,
test
read.
PRESENT.
-
am
Thou art
He is
She is
We arc
You are
They are, m nd
f
. .hunk n
k4ri.
...
pras6ik.
.
pras6i.
. gundi gri liik.
. gundi gri 16i.
. .6nik.
. 6ni.
h4rik.
. h4ri.
...udh6lik.
. udhali.
...
ddk.
.
dB
.
.
m6ndek.
mbnde.
djagawalek.
. mondd=speak.
c.)
Conjugations
a
him
...th hA.*
assa ha.?
... do.
...abi hik.
. h tshikk hiss. = you all are
... ?
There is no special form for the Feminine in the Ka16sha language.
was . .Bsis (the personal pronouns
are
generally omitted.)
.Thou wast .. si.
He was
. 680.
She was
...
do
We were . frsimi.
You were
. Bsili.
They were, m. and f ... Rsini.
FUTURE.
(probably the preaent ?
s
he =
?
anan
?
in there
?
(at end of senteno e).
If tllou art = u aear
(ttiiie
Dialogues).
t
Shiu I
in also used for is
dde
DiPloguen.)
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(
)
T BRING
. OKIK.
Bring thou
...
dni.
PRESENT
I bring
:.,
a onim.
Thou bringest ... tu 6ni
H e brings
, . asso 6neu.
Mre bring bi 6nik.
You bring
... tus tshikk 6na
They bring
.
.
eledrlis onea.
IMPERFECT
I brought
. a 6nis.
Thou broughtest
.
tu 6ni.
He or she brought
asso
6neu
We brought
.
abi 6nimi..
You brought
. tus tshikk bnili.
They brought
. .
eledrhs 6nini.
PLUPERFECT
I
had brought
. a
6nim
d&y.
( I was bringing ?
The onim alone is inflected
as i n
the present.
The day is not
changed.
Fu~r ;n~. -Thepresent is used for the future.
I~~PERATIVE
Bring thou ;.
.
bni.
Bring you
. dno.
POTEN:AL
I will be able to bring
.
a
bh&m onik.
PROHIBITIVE
Bring not
.1-1286ni.
IMPOTEKTI L
RESENT
I am not able to bring
...
a
n6 bhhm 6nik.
Thou art not able to bring
... tu nb blAs 6nik.
He
is ,, I . . asse n& bhh 6nik.
Weare
,, > . .
abi
n
bhriik onik.
yo11 ,, ,, J ... tus tshikk ne bh$d 6nik.
They
,, ,, j
. eledrhs ne bldten bnik.
I J~ PO T E N T I L
MPERFECT.
I
was not able to bring
.
a n
bh6is 6nik,
kc
conjugate
bhLia
6nis.
I
will not bring
;.
a ne
onim.
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23 1
TO
GIVE DEK.
Give thou
. .
dk.
,, ye
.
d6o ?
P R ~ W T
ND FUTURE.
I give
...
a dkm.
Thou give
. .
t u dB.
H e
,, .
asse dlli .
W e
,, .
abi* det.
y o u ,,
.
tussi tshikk dk
They ,,
.
eledras t shik k dPnyi.
IMPERFECT
I gave, &c.,
c.
...
a pajbmis, t u prS, asse p rl u , a bi
prdmmi, tussi tshik k prlli, eledr6s
tshikk prommi.
Give thou
. dB.
Do not give
.
.
mb dB
Give ye
.
ddo ?
I
will give
. (like the present.)
I
will
be able to give
.
a bhhm dbk (vide th is form unde r
I
to bring. )
I am about to give
a dbm dPy,
c.,
(or
I
have given. ?)
I had given
a pajbmis dBy,
c,
T
COME
...
IK.
PRESENT
N D
FUTURE.
1 come ... a
i,m.
Thou
,,
t u
i
H e
,, ...
asse
iu
W e
,, .
abi ik.
y o u ,, tu tshikk Bu.
They ,, . eledrGs
in.
IMPERFECT
I
came
...
a
it
Thou ,,
...
tti i B ?)
H e ,, asse hu.
W e 5
. .
ab i 8mi.
y o u ,, tu tshikk Bli.
They
,, .
eledrtis (drhs?) 611
I am about to come
. a im
d k y = I
was
coming.
I had come
...
a
d i y ,
c.
'
Abi
aeemg doubtful,
M y informant
said
a b i d e k = w e
give
a n d
alao n> i
det=you give.':
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i 4
I will e able to come
. a bhBm ik, &c.
Come ...
i
Come not
.
m6
B
TO
SEE
...
DJAGAIK
See thou
djaghi.
PRESENT
ND FUTURE
see ... a djaghm.
Thou see
. . t u djagai.
H e asse djaghi, (or djag aldiy ?)
we
,,
abi djagBk.
y o u
,,
. t u tshikk djagii .
They
> I ...
ledrtis djagdn.
IMPERFECT
I
saw
: . a d ja gh .
Thou saw
.
tu djagai.
He I
. asse djagalday.
we . ab i djagdmi.
You ,, ... u tsh ikk djageli ( tue sta cljagai.)
8, . eledriis djagdn.
T DRINK PIK
Drink thou
.
.
plA
Do not d r ink
mo pl.
RINK .
plm.
thou . . pi.
He ,, . . piu.
W e ...
pik
You . . pi]
They . . pln
DR NK
Thou
,,
H e
W e
,,
y o u
They
,,
Speak thou
I
speak
. Bwis. ?
.
Bwi.
... 6wia.
... rwimi.
wi.
aun.
TO
SPEAK
...MON DEK.
.
a mbn dem, c., &c., is conjugated
like a dem, vi e dek
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TO GO
PARIK
Go thou
I
GO
OR WILL ao
Thou
,,
He J
We
a
You
9
They
,,
I W NT
Thou
He ,,
w e
You
They
,J
Sit
thou
sit
sat
I
mill sit
phi
a par'im.
tu p6ri.
asse p4reu:
abl parik.
tuaste phi.
eledrhs parbn (will you go ?=u
par'iss?)
a par&,
tu parl.
asse parhn (also se par6u. )
abi pardmi.
uaste parhli.
eledrhs parbn.
TO
SIT NISIK
nls'i.
a nislm.
a nish.
ike the present.
TO HEAR . KRON KARIK Zit == to do ears.
Hear thou kr6n
k8ri
Do not hear
kr6n
m
kAri.
PR S NTR
FUTURE
he v
rt
sang&am, or krbn kirem.
Conjugate each as follows ;
hear
Thou
He
,,
We .
you ,J
They
IMPERFECT
heard
Thou ,,
He ,,
We
You ,,
They
,,
a krbn khrem or sangiam.
.
u kbre or sanglas.
re
,,
kbreu or sangiu.
abi
,,
k6rek
r
sangha.
tuaste ,,k&ra r sangti.
eledrus,, k&ren,or sanghan.
a sanghyes.
the sang6yes.
se sang&.
bi sangaimi.
tuaste sanghili.
eledrus sanggiui.
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te
KIKG
With a king
Of a king
To
a
king
A king
From a king
KINGS
HAND
With a hand
Of
a
,,
( 26
T STAND TSHISHTIK
Stand thou
tshishti.
st nd
a tshishtim.
u tshishti.
se tshishteu.
abi tshishtik.
tuaste tshitihti tshishta
?)
. el edrb tshishten.
stood
a atshishtis.
tu atshishti.
e atshishto, atshishteu.
abi atshishtimi.
I
uaste atshishti.
J9
eledr6s atshishtani.
Note : compare the present or future '. tshishtim with oujm
ex
cept second personal plural.
The imperfect atshishtis is like onis except 3rd person
singular atshishto ; nd person plural atshishti and 3rd person
plural atshistani.
TO EAT JUK
Eat thou j?.
c t
a
jhm
tu jhi
se
jds.
abi juk.
tuaste jda
eledrtis j6n
a ashis.
tu ashi.
se
asliu
. abi ashimi.
tus tshikk ashili.
eledrus ashin.
8. DECLENSIONS.
shh
. sh4-som
shhas.
shaas.
shi.
. shhas-pi.
like the singular
hist ; bazb
hbst-gri.
histani.
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To a ha nd
haston h mfitsha.
hand
baz8.
I n a hand
bazonll
H NDS
l ike th e singular
GOLD shnra.
With gold
unra som
By
gold
sunra
gri
PRINCE
sh4as putr.
PRINCESS
sh4aa tshQ.
QUEEN
hBas djls.
MAN
m6tsh.
W i th a ma n
motshe somma.
Of
a ,, motshes.
To a ., . motshes.
From
a .
motshes-pi.
I n
man
motshes udriman.
A WOM N . strija.
W i t h a woman
... strija somm.
Of
a
. strijtias.
To a
,,
J
A
SON
putr .
W i t h a son
pu tr somm.
Of
a son putras*
BOY tz&tak sudd
Of a boy sudiiaa
(notice th a t th e adjective does
no t change.)
DAUGHTER
shQ.
tshdlos
Of a J ( tshdas.
To a tshdas.
STON
bbtt.
Of J J b l t t a n o r bgtt gri.
FLOWER
p h h .
Flowery pushfkani as shulbani wooden
from shQla=wood. Ho we ver
u g =water has a genitive
ug8ni.
The
son of
the feth er= pG trs ~ adaa.
The father of the
on=dAda8
p6tran.
Notice that oth noun8 are in the oblique case
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9. DIALOGUES.
ENGLISB.
KALASHA.
I want to learn your language
Tdy mondr gdtint
ddy
Thy speech
I
(to) learn have.
f
you are ill, will give youmedicine, Tu z a b h ti ma8 tdy zuez khem.
Thou ill if art thy cure I will do.
Get all the things ready
..
Tshikk
mbl
eg awata krodi.
All property one place
get
?)
Are you ready to go ?
Tzi pariss, i n ?
Thou wilt go or not.
Put your clothes on
...
Tshe'u aambiea.
Clothes put on.
want
to
learn Kal&sha
.
.
Mdy Kaktsha mondr djandy.
To me Kalksha speech
to
know
1 )
ghattudey= is necessary ?)
You are my friend
Tzi
mdy
ri.
Thou my friend.
Wherever you meet an enemy kill
him
. Dz Lsh dn kcswdgalle phhlk, hrdy.
Enemy wherever to meet kill.
Get up, the daylight has appeared.. . Ushti, lujdu.
Get up, the daylight has appeared
(it has become light).
A
very pretty woman ... bd prwht
m~r l t y e k ,
Very good woman.
I t is not proper to say such words.
..
Si~cila~ t o n d r k de'k
osha.
Bad words not to give proper.
Y U
ought to go to-day
. Tay drtdja parik, pdsht .
To thee to-day to go, [is] good.
Get the
un
ready
Tupbk
udjh i
Gun prepare.
Sing, dance
. Qrdn
dyd,
nd t
kdre.
Song give, dance make
Wh;A is your name ?
.
t d y n mm
kz a
?
thy name what
?)
Whence do you come
?
t
kawelo 2 ?
When do go ?
. tii kawPly parizd6y
Why did you come
?
... t6 k6ne 2 ?
What do you want ?
...
tG
kPa gates?
am very hungry
.. a
bi
andra.
Are you thirsty ?
...
15 d&hinh4we.
Prepare food
. .
u
khri.
Is your home near
t6y d b h ttidaka shiu ?
Is
the road far ?
. pbnn dbhu
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Yes, it is far
:
H u , ?)d6she shlu:
No, i t is near
nB, thdaka.
Br ing me to ea t and dr ink
m 8y hittia h i ,
hm
Bring w ater g 6ni.
S i t he r e
ayh nisf.
Light the mood
e h u l b ad zii.
Lig ht th e candle 1 )
htsh upuwBy.
Blow out ,, ,, phality.
Stand there
alai-k6zi tshishti.
Come quickly
Kashhp i
G o slowly
h rih sh P r i .
P u t th e saddle on the horse
Mshis uw
d8.
to the horse saddle give
Tie th e cow to thk tree
gd mz to sbmm bb?z c
eow tree with bind.
How many sheep and goats have
you ?
Cay kimbn Bsan a m r b p6y
I want nothing
hlshki ne g6tem.
I s he your brother ?
ass6 thy bbiy
B
Th is load is not heavy ift i t
assa p h k ugGrako nk uprai.
T ak e care rinde ala i djagbi.
I s th e road good or bad
p6nn prdshte khhtsha
Is th e m ounta in high
?
d n n hQ tala
l
past
?
I s there a bridge over the river ? gau sde shiu
li
nb ?
Brin g ropes quickly ra d jt k kashhp 6ni.
Bring Bu tter, Milk, Cheese pratshbno, tshir, plnda.
Curds, meat, mine uiri m6ss, dk.
.Grass, flour, fire kitss, Btt, a n g h .
Fruit mewti.
Sm oke tobacco
tamakh kashi i .
I s there much sport about here aya dyagauna m urh b6 asan
If you mill do gre at service, I mill
give you man y presents may hhtia prhsh krbmm kari, t i y
saripit dkm.
I
am very hot
may
b
hiillik karu
day.
I am very cold p u t alothes over
me
may tram6na karu day sh8o dQ.
A re you well
prush te hsia ?
I t will rain to-day
6ndje bis hik diyhl?.
I t is very dark, where am I to go
?...
6 tramashbng h8o ke nti parim.
Call the dog
heura, [shhra] khundiytii.
Call the Servant
shiiderr tsh6yn.
N ay God keep you well
khuda ta i p rush t
kdreu
Good bye
ishpbite.,
[Kalhha salutation] shpiti.
[Bashgeli salutation]
strek6 ha.
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GOquickly
adihai phri.
Tell the truth
. .udjek mondr
dC
Give me water that I may drink
.
ug d6, pim.
Come intside
.
udriman
1.
Go outside
binhk phi.
Come here
.. ayA 1.
Where did you go ? . kaw4i par40 ?
Come now ...sh6ntije
1
This time, (day ;)
.
shendje hdoo.
When did you buy it ? kai 6mi.
Who are you
?
kQro tfi ?
Which [is it ?]
.
Pe kura
?
Have you eaten bread
...
awh fishis
?
Eat bread
.,.
a*
jh.
am ill to-day
...
4 6ndja bey-derkhr.
My name is Malik . . m i nom Malik.
Give it to me
. .
mbtshes dB.
Sit near me
mtii-tada nisi.
Take it
from me
.
mai-pfgrdas.
Kill me
. mai hr6y.
Where is your country
? .
mimf d&shkawhshen ?
Shut the door
d u b kBri.
To run in the heat is bad
.
hiiluk udhet purl
?)
na.
The son of the father . phtras dadas.
The father of the son
...
dadas
pbtras.
Throw (with) t he stone . bAtt- the.
Wooden ;of wood
.
shula-gri ; hulaani.
Made of wood
.
. kaishiu.
The smell of the water is bad
=
waterj smell is bad
.
ugani bb gbnd.
10.-KALASHA
PROP R
AMES
A nmes
o dlen
alik
Babhhng
KamUi
Shatbng
Batshh
Shariki
Tamashawek
ames o Women
Dau6li.
. Ramagblli.
.
MBike'tshi.
. . TramkQti.
.
Tehitre'tshi.
Masar,
...
Latshhi.
No~~.- l he basis (peconia) for KalAsba reckoning appears to be k paye''
phi
(paisa
? )
=
one goat. Buy=qr6as.
Prioe=qr6
? vide Vocabulary).
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Names of Men.
Zinatshh
Sumftl
Bekk
Gasharti
Kelli
Mirak
Thsh
T u m r
Djohn Slla
U ndn BQ kk
Tbrr
MBra
Alydss
D j a n e k w k
Bfirza BBkk
Dadck ncle
8
ames
o W o w
Darimiki.
Nangf.
Mid l i ;
Gulifa.
Namakinn;
Whssi.
PorPshi.
Nf ir bigim.
Son6tshi.
Kambruetshi.
Darboli.
. Soneki.
W az bray.
Mafiki,
DurdanB.
names
o
celebrated
Yamni.
DonashPri.
beauties.
G um li ~ a s t u r h .
Badulke'i
Namea
of
Castes.
'
]
2 high ceastes.
0
Shalekd ri
:::
ower castes
;
the last
Bumburnah
s ms
a high
caste
Rajamir i
Names
of
Villages.
Mumurbt
:::]
illages whose inhabi-
Rongmd tan ts are allowed to
Birid intermany.
11. A PR YER
OF
THE B A S H ~ E L IAFIRS.
In
the
Kaldsha
dialect
(may serve
as
a n exercise for translation).
Th e ideas
and
ma ny of th e words in this prayer were apparently
acquired by my two Kafirs on the ir way throug h Kashm ir.
Kh ud6 , tan dru sti dB
Prushkdri, rozi
dB
Ab attl kari .
Dewalatman.
T u gh6na asas.
Tshik intara.
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32
Tshik
t u
faid6 k4y asas
Sat asm4n t'i.
Stra suri mastruk m6tshe
d6
12. APPENDIXT VOCABUL~BY
Add
to
Terbo
TO DO
...
KARIK
PRESENTND
FUTURE
do
. k4rem.
. kke.
k reu.
. karek.
k 4ra.
. khren.
Do
.
kare, thi.
Do ear,=hear
.
kr6n kkes.
Do not do
. rnd
kari
Add
t
Imperatives
and InJinitivrs
u t (in a
place)
... krotii.
Put on (clothes)
. ambies.
To meet
I t is proper
Prepare udj4i.
Light (the fire)
. badzai
,,
(the candle
)
.
upuwiy
wi e
Dialogues)
Blow out ,, phal6y.
Lift
fa load)
uprhi
Smoke (tobacco)
kash4i
To fall (rain)
...
diyhlik.
Oall (the dog)
.
khundiyii.
Call (the servant)
...
shdyn, tshin.
hfiscek1uou8 W O T ~
Wherever
.
kawhgalle.
From
pi (vide declensions.)
Or
a
(for use
vid
Dialogues.)
With
..
gri widedeclensions.)
If .. ti (do. do.)
What
.
kia
?
Who
kiiro ?
Whence
kawelo
?
Whereto . kenti.
When
.
khwey, kii.
Where
.
kawli
?
kawtishen.?
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why
How many
Nothing
Here 1
There
Not
Over
Hereabouts
Here
Inside
Outside
Now
Yes
.
kbne:
kimbn
?)
hishki
. ndeal4i
.
.
nb
. she
. ya dyagauna f)
. adihai 2)
ayh.
udriman.
. .
binBk
sh6ndje.
...h4u
2 )
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SKETCH O
KALASHA
GRAMMAR.
--
The vowels are pronounced as in German or Italian, luiz. a as
in father ; e as in ever ; i as in bit ; o as in bonus ; u as in put ; au
as ou in mouse; ei or eyWis ronounced diacritically or each vowel sepa-
rately
;
ai as^ i in light. When a vowel has no accent over it, i t is sup-
posed to be short
;
when it has
a
circumflex over it, i t is long. The
accent marks the syllable in which the sound is raised and is like the
French accent
ai@
; the accent
'
gives a sharp and clipping intonation
to the syllable over which i t is put, not unlike the accent grave in
French.
It
will be perceived that the accent is restored to its proper use,
that of marking the intonation and that i t is not used, as in the Hunterian
system, to denote the nature or length of the sound. The Hunterian
system
is
inapplicable to the transliteration of languages newly com-
nlitted to writing, as i t tends to confound true accentuation with the
nature of the sound. Its imitators are also apt to put a where an
el
(pronounced as above) should be put, and even to put a for
C l JJ asJ for instance, Kabal for Kabul and Massalman for
Mussulman. English travellers should either write down the sound
as in common English words or else as in German.
Kh is pronounced diacritically
;
sh
as
ch in church.
Where a word is spelt in two different ways in the vocabulary, i t is
because: the two Kafirs, from whose utterances it has been compiled,
pronounced it differently.
dj is as in jelly ;
in French our.
j 8s l c j
2. MODE OF ELICITIICG WORDS OR GRA MU TICA L FORMS FRO M
THE
TWO KAFIRSLACED AT
DISPOS L
Y HIS
HIGHNESS
THE
M ~ H A R A J A KASHM IR
AT
THE
INSTANCE
O T H E
PANJAB OVERNMENT.
had not the same opportunities for checking the correctness of
what
I
heard, or thought heard, from the two Bashgeli Kafirs, which
enjoyed in compiling my vocabularies, songs and legends of the Dardu .
lauguages, as they were not long enough in my service, the heat of the
Panjab compelling them to return to their, probably temporary, home in
Kashmir ;but the processwhich may be useful to other travellers, provid-
ed
they are patient and sympathetic in their intercourse with the natives,
is sufficiently indicated in
my introduction to Dardistan, from which
quote the following
:-
I'
Those who know how difficult i t is to elicit grammatical forms
from savages, or eve11 from the half educated
i n a
civilized or semi-civi-
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lized
communi ty , wi l l be ab le to form s conception of th e almo st
insuperable difficulties in my way.
It
wns easy enough to point
to
objects in order to lea rn the i r names
and
to
find expressious for the
simplest boilily wants
that could
be
indicated by gestures i t was mo re difficult to discover th e imperative
f o m
i n t h e comlnands given by m y fol lowers, on ut lderstanding
m y
wants , an d to trace
n
afi~mative r the present r future indicative
i n the rep lies t requi red t h e closes t a t ten t io n to fo llow the same sound
in any discussion th at m igh t have ensued in conseqnence. . . .Often,
subsequent, ly , when almost sure of a f orm ,ha veI discovered tha t t h e person
addressed did not und erstand my quest ion or had m ade use in reply of
a n idiom or a n evasion. However, by asking th e sam e quest ion from
several people , by m aking th em ask each other, an d by carefully noting
their replies,
I
gradually reached th at approximative certa inty which
a lone is a t ta inable in so complicated a matter.
3 . T H E
DEFINITER
INDEFINITERTICLEN K A L A S H A .
There appears t o be none in th a t language .
4. THE DECLENSION
F
TH E NOUN
-
Most nou ns app ear to end in a consonant.
Th ere does not apparent ly
exist, a different term inat ion or affix for th e plu ral in KalBsha, whicll
is th e least inflect ional of t he Da rdu g roup of languages to which i t
belongs. T h e accusative is appar ently identical with t he nom inative.
T h e G ENITIVE or ra the r the obl ique form, i s formed by the addi t ion
of as, more rarely es an d is to th e nom inative,
viz
l l l i=n king
sh ia s=o f a k ing ; pu t r = a son pu t rns=of a son
( vide
declension) m ots
= a man , l l lotshes=of a rnan
;
ck==one egis=of c-ne;=first .
;;xaw~ples
o
use
he son of a king=shAns pn tr ; h e da ug hte r of a lring=shrias tsllb.
Th e same form for th e geni t ive ( if th a t te rm be appl icable to
it
is
used
for the feminine noun
;
c i z , s t r i j ; l = a wife
;
strijrias= of n wife
' T s h h a, da ~ lg h t e r ppears a lso
to
have n g m it iv e tsl:6los, a s well a s
t&GaS. &'Hast, ha nd ,h as genitive l~as tnni, ~~ g , = w at er as ugani
th e fact bein5 that, th e genit ive term in l tion is real ly adject ival
ant
t h a t
t h e soil of a Iring is equivaleu t to th e royal
son *
a t any ra t( , .
L L ~ h l l l &
= ( L ~ ~ O & t
forms its atljectire Ily t h e addition of a n i
z . i z .
sh ul ian i= w oo dc n pu sll =a flower 11:~s pus hak gni, flowery.
T h e
I in
l i s ha idiom appears to requi re tha t , in ins tances l ike t he above , both
the nouns be
inflected or put
into the obliqne case, viz., instend of
s ay in g p u t r d ad a s ~ z t h c on of t l ~ e a t he r o r d ad ns p u t r t h c
Kaliishas say putras dndas =t he son of th e fa ther, an d '' dadas putras
s matter of fact ehBaa utr
is
stereotyped into
Princo.
s11Bas ta h6
,, ,,
Pri t~cees .
and
s b b s
d j b
,,
,,
Queen.
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the father of the son (the morJ which, according to us, ought to
be
iuflected, being put first).
The Dative
has
he same inflection as the Genitive except in
h ha st
=hand, whose dative appears to be expressed by the addition of on&,
haston6
vide
declensions).
The ablative
from
s expressed by the
affixpi
to the oblique form
which may be compared with the old Bindui
which also signifies
j r om -
Emmple: sh&
= a
king or kings.
ebksomm
= with a king or kings.
shiias
=
of a king ,,
sh&
=
o a king
,,
sha
=
a king s
shhas-pi
=
rom a king
,,
There need bs no great diffizulty apparently in distinguishing tile
singular from the plural or the geni~iverom the dative.
When the
existence of more than one king is insistetl on, there are the numerals
or b6 =many, to f ~ l lack upon whilst the singular mould serve for
kings spoken of collective1,y. When two nouns come together, the first
nolln i n the oblique case is genitive, whilst if a verb aud noun come
together and the noun is in the obliqu. case, the noun is generally in
the dative.
The adiectival terminations arc annarentlv $ui sornet,imes
for
L
euphony dl uni as
;ug
=water, ugani
=
watery*; push=flomer=push-
ikani
=
lowery=or merely ail as bbtt=stone; battnn = of stone ;
stony; pisht or p~shto
=
after; Pislltan
=
he one who is after
=
the second
m
or una as mctslle
=
motshuna=third or in as
tr.cin=third, from, trd=three.
The numerals art, almost identical with those of the Prakri t
i.lioms of India.
Like the Dardn numerals, those of KalAsha and of
other Kafir dialects are m s d e u p by multiplication and addition.
'rhe Kalashanumerals are inflected (if that term may be used) in all
instances where ten is
added,
but not where they are multiplied,
viz :
1 k daj e ga.
2 dli 1 2 daje* dzia
I n these two forms the ouiginal (pslatal) ah
is
dropped (being
first
changed
n
IS^ , and th e encl it icurn
I
jeJ 1 affixed ; j e s p robably t he S anskr i t and s t i l l to be
met w i th i n t he o ld B indu i . T he numera ls f rom 1 3
to 19
a re much
mutilated,
t h e
final a only expressing th e num ber 10,
ciz :
t r6=3 ; rea 13.
T h e
da.hJ'=ten,
as
loet the ini t ial I d an d the f inal s ( sh) waa changed t o h ( a s S indh i daha ) and t he n
8ropped nl togetber.
Ninetccn=oa,
i a
qui te a new form ) leaving th e t race both of Sans-
k r i t and P rakr i t ,
(Dr. Trwmpa.)
These remarks are very valuable , but ,
as
r e g a r d s t h e
elif ion of
a
daeh, the uot is t h a t t h i r t ee n
s
n o t r e a, b u t d 6je t r h . -G .
W
.
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3 tr8
13
daje trea.
4
tshau
14
,
tshana.
5 pondj
15
,,
pondja.
6
sh6 1 6
,,
shb .
7 s&tt
17
,, satta.
8
asht
18
,, ashta.
9
nb 19 nba.
1 dash
20
b h i .
1 bishije- ek 31 bishije-daje-ega.
,, d6
32
,, dlia.
23 ,, trd
33
,, trea.
As
from
1 t o
9
withant
change
A#
from 11
t o 19
after bishije '
40
dubishi=two twenties.
5
dubishi dash=tmo twenties and ten.
60 tre bishi=three twenties.
70
tre bishi dash=threc twenties and ten.
8
tshau bishi=four twenties (compare tlle French quatre-vingt
for 80 and quatre-vingt-dix for
90 .
tshau bishi dash=four twenties and ten.
100 pondj bislli=five twenties.
200 dash bishi=ten twenties, &c., &c.
b ) -Ordi?tals.
In the ORDINALS there appears to be a tendency to use thc
ordinal preceding the one that is required, with the addition of
pishto =after thus
:
First=Lgis seconti=4jris pi,shto=after the
first. Third=doim pishto=the one after the second; fourth=
t r e im
pishto
;
i f th=tsho~i?~ishto=the one after the fourth.. Why doim
should not be commonly used for second treinfor third tshouin for
fourth, have not be able to nsoertain, but as according to the genius
of the language, the ordinal is probably the genitive of the cardinal,
vio.,=ek=one egis=of one=first, and the genitive really an acljectival
form, also found in adding ani to the substantive, the rule requires
the relative to be ps t in the oblique case (.vide plitras dadas=the
son of the father), and in order to do this, pishto =after, is usually
put after the ordinal preceding the one that is required, whilst the
second is really the pishtan =or the one who comes
aftel
Wt
also have motshe and nlotshuna for third. The im in Doim
does not appear to be a Kalasha termination, but may be a mistake for
doin, in which case i t would be the adjectival ending in or ina
?)
anll
covrespond with trein=third and tshouin=fourth The fullotviog compari-
son will sllow tile different ways in which ordinals scem to be expressed :
-
Fivst=dgis
from
ek=one) (also shumerau ?)=of the one
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econd
=piahtan= th (one who comes) after (from pishto =a fte r).
d6im =the second from dzi=two or dz i in
dgia pis hto =th e one after the first.
l'hi7.d
=
motshe.
motshuna.
do im p i sh toz the one a f te r the second .
trein
=
hird.
F o u ~ t h = t s h o u i n = f o u r t h .
trein pishto= the one after th e thir d (this seems to Le t ile
usual form).
F if th=tshouin pishto =the one af te r th e four th .
I
quite agree with Dr. Bellew's
remark
in h is Lecture on th e
27 th u l t imo tha t it is difficult for thes e races to realize num be rs above
t e n , bu t
as
has been seen th e Kaf i r s go much beyond tha t num ber
by
multiplication an d addit ion to th e nu m ber twenty.
he Indian vernaculars offer no analogy to this , bu t we know from
other sources,that th e Sa nsk rit palatal sh iscllangecl to k and g ; for
instance th e Sansk ri t shoan, dog, becomes in G reek and kfibn th e very
iiumeral, vinshati, twenty, ha s been changed to viginti in La tin. Th ere
can therefore be hardly any dou bt ahout t he correctness of th e form
biga (in Gilgiti). Most curious i t is, th at the o th ei te n th s are made u p
by
~nu l t i p l i cn t ion
nd addi t io n, and tha t the or ig ina l Sanskr i t Prr ikr i t nu-
m eral s a re dropped altogethcr. T h e very sam e phenomenon me me et wit11
in th e language of the S iah Posh Kafirs in the H ind u Ku sh, who are l ike-
wise spru ng from th e gre at A rian stock. \Ire find th us bigadki, twe nty
2nd ten=-th irty
n
bib ( = d u bihn) twice t~venty==forty
;
du bi6ga-d$i
twice twenty and ten=fi f ty sh&bi6 Lhree times twenty=sixty ; tsh6-
biol;$ d $ i= tl ~ re e imes twen ty an d ten=seventy
;
shgr bib=four tim es
twenty=eighty
;
shkr bid dki, four tim es twe nty ancl tcn =n in ety . IVt:
do not know how to explzin this fa ct ; for t l lere can be no doub t t ha t t ile
Dar du races had or igina lly the Sa us l r r i t -P rak ~i tnum erals. W h y di4l
t,hey dro p t h e m ? M'e can llnrdly fancy
tllnt they dropped th em for
convenience sake, for i t is far more troublesome to rnake u p for original
numera ls , by m ~~l t i p l i ca t ionnd addit ion, than to express t lienl
by
one
nonn.
B u t not only among th e Unrdu races and the i r bre thren, t he
Kafirs in th e Hi nd u Ku sh, we m eet wit11 this s tra nge fact ; the same
phenom enon may also be observecl
iri
th e decomposition of th e La tin
into th e G allico-French (not in Itallan or Spa nish) as quatre-virigt=four
t imes twec ty=eig hty quatre-vingt dix=four t imes twenty an d ten=
ninety. W e see thus, th a t when an old languag e is once giving way ant1
goi;~g to pieces (which is generally th e case amongst grea t cu n~ m ot io ~l s
or in time s of gr ea t ignorance), essential pa rts of i t lnay be lost which
c in
no more be recovered. -Lh1. 1i3zl?)zpp
n
t h
Calczt f ln
Reviezu,
I p i l
1873
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6 .-TEE
PRONOUXS.
a).-The Pronouns
of
the
Istperoon,
Singular-
I = a .
Of me=m6y (also my mine. )
T o m e = m6tshes (compare
the
oblique terminations of the
noun.)
By
me=mii - t ida .
F r o m m?=mgi-pi.
Me=mili.
Plural-
We=abl (or
a
tshikh=I
all=we all
?
Of us=homo*
T o us= l16rna*
By
us=
homo-thda.
F r o m us= h6mo-pt
Q I t w il l be no ti ced t ha t t he t e rminat ions o f t he geni ti ve and t h e da t i ve p lu ral o f
the
Pronoun do not cor respond a il11 those usual to th e noun s i n g ~ la r , h ioh a lon? oould
ascer tain . I t i s not improbable th at these endings may help us to discover a p lura l form
to
the ooun, e i ther s t il l exist ing or los t. T l ie d i ff ioul ty fe l t by D r . Tr l~ m pp s regards t h e
p.
of
th e ablat ive is unintel ligible to me
especial ly as he had so ab ly explained
it
i n
con nrrio n wit11 the noun.
As,
however, 11i~eview of the prollultn is extremrly
suggestive
I qu ote i t here.
n t h e K ~ l B s h a d i a l e c tw e f i n d l f. an abbreviation from awd or from t h e
P rakr i t
TT .
I n th e geni tive s ingular we meet the form mBi wkioh serves a t t h e
lam e t ime as formative for th e other cases, the d at iv e excepted. Th is
miti corresponds
to th e Sanskr i t accusat ive s ingular ,
T I
n the dat ive we meet wi th t h e form I m6tdhgs
;
Hindi ,
gq
Pr lkr i t ,
qwq;
which ha , been dropped in th e othe r Dard u dinlec ts . Tho
c
instrumental s ingular i s mdi tada, by me nd th e abla t ive m i i p i ; the or igin or der iva .
tion of both the se postpositions is unknown to us.+
Th e nominat ive plu ral ia abi , we ; ery
l ik el y d er iv ed f ro m t h e P r a k r i t , q w , b y c ha n gi ng m t o v= b , a n d d ro p pi ng w
;
me=ave or
ab6, and then ce abi. I n the fo rmativ e plural , we f ind again h6m6 (=ham,
a
being changed
to 6 ). T h e da t i ve p lu ral i s s t a ted t o be h6ma, w h i ~ h us t be l e f t doub t fu l, a s we canno t
~u f ic i en t ly e lic it , f rom t he few examples given, th e format ion of t he dat ive in Kalhsha.
4
t
P i migh t be compared w i th t he o ld H in dh i q which signifies not only upon=:
but
also porn. So says, fo r instance,
h 8m
D6v
qf
q
jrqrq
~ = r o r n
m
no
an-
swer
~
ade.
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(b).-The
second
pereone
of the
Pronoun.
Singular
Thou=h6rno tu.
Of thee=thi=thy , thin e.
T o ,, =tbi.
By ,, = t i i - t i da .
From thee=t&i-pl.
Plural-
You=abs tshikk=you all (vide a tsh ikk "=we all).
Of you=mlme.
T o ,, =mPmi.
By
,,
=mimi-tada.
From you=mitni-pi.
Compare abs with bisa" for we i n Amyit i, th e language
of Chi tral.
T l ~ e ~ i r iousorm abs is compnred by Dr. Trum pp wi th "S indhi
tavhEii and tahEn, also the form avl16fi, which appalently goes
back
t ; ile ~ I . O I I O I I ~ I I ~ L I ase
uns
(vasnl) with euphon ic initial a=avhifi. Q ui te
in t i re s ~1112way t he I
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shhsi-tarla=by them.
sh is i-p i=f i .om them ( for th e femin ine
vide
Vocabulary.)
O n t h i s D r . T r u m p p r e ma r k s :
I n the K:~ lAs ha ialect th e hase AsA is given, w l~icl l rem ains
as
i t seem s, unc11;rngad in t h e g eu itiv e s in gu la r a ~ ~ dn the fo rmat ive .
The
nom inativ e p1ur;il sh6li (c um ) lookv very curious.
111
the plural
gen itive we f i ~ ~ dsi, and ill th e form ~ t i v eAsi=slrLi. Ash we would
iden ti fy wi th th e San skr i t dem o~ ls t ra t iv e ronoun q
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are not indispensable and as their omission may serve to show the
inflections more poiutedly
Be
Bring
Give. Come See
PRESENT
8
1st person,
him,
dnim, dbm, im, djngbm.
211d
ha,
dni,
db, djaghi.
3rd ,,
hh
oneu,
dili,
~ U J
djagai (djagal-
day ?
P. 1st ,, hik, onik, det, ik, djagbk.
2nd ,,
his, ona,
dB, 6u dj:~gki.
3rd hin,
2 )
onen, danyi, in, djaghn, djagiru?
IMPERFE T Qsij, onis, pajomis, 4 d g s.
h i , oni, PYA,
; [ t i ? ]
djagai.
4s0, iineu, prau, au, djagalday.
Bsinli, onimi, prommi, iimi, d~agdrni.
hsili, onili, prali, Ali djageli, djagai?
Bsini, onini, prommi, Bn, djaghn.
INFINITIV
:
6nik,
d k, ik, djagiik.
Imperative S.
?
iini,
db 1 djaghi.
Do.
PI
? bno, d6o ? ?
Prohibitive-
?
n16 bni, m6 d , md 6
pecial ornz ?
will be ? like present.
will be able [in
a
bhAm onik, bhBm d k, bham ik.
state to:
Thou ditto Lhhs onik.
He ditto
b h i
onik.
We ditto
bl16ik
onik.
You ditto bhria onik.
They ditto
.
bhaen onik.
I
was able.. bhais .. bhsis
ik.
bhai.
bhaeu.
bhaimi.
bhaili.
bhaini.
I am about to
give or have
given
?
dkm
d6y.
i m
d a y ?
I had given pajomis dLy. d day
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pi
p6ri.
Pill, pBreu,
Pili, parik,
Pii, pfiri,
Pin, parbn,
I ~ P E R F E C T
Awis, par&,
Awi, par&
Awia, parAu,
Awimi, pardmi,
Awi , pardi ,
Aun, parbu,
ISFINITIVE
Plli , parik,
Sit
nidm,
nisi,
niseu,
nisik,
nisi,
n i s h ?)
nis8,
nisa,
n isAn,
nisbmi,
nisUi,
nisbn, (?)
nisik,
Do Hea~ Eut Stand
khrem, krbn khrenl,
or sangham, jum , tshishtim .
kRre,
sanghas,
jus, tshishti .
karcu,
sangku,
Jui, tshisbteu.
kLrek,
sangRa,
juk, tshishtik.
ktira,
sangti,
jlia, tsh ish ti (a 2 .
karen,
sangaan,
j 6s tshishten.
sanghyes, asliis, atsh ish tis.
.
.
sangfiyes, ashi, atshishti.
. sang&, ashu, atshish teu.
.
sangRimi, ashimi, atshishtim i.
. sangriili, asbili, ats hi sh ti.
. sangaini, ashin, atshishtiui.
... ... jhk, tshishtik.
IMPERATIVE
Pi, PBri, nisi,
...
j , tsh ishti.
PROHIBITIVE
M6
pi,
..
m6
nisi,
.
m6
ja
mo tshishti.
Th e przfix of a to tshish tik=to stand, in th e imperfect, almost
chal lenges comparison with the imperfect awis from p f k = t ~ drink
;
th e imperfect ashis from juk= to ea t and th e significant imper-
fect hsis=I mas, imp erfects eviden tly belonging to different roots,
whereas atshishtis comes obviously from tsh ish tik and th e rernnarit
of an obsolete form.
~ . - COMP~LRI SOX OF
KALASHA
ITH
GILGITI
ND
ARNYIA
THE
LAXGUAGE
F CHITSAL . )
Tlint KalLsha should in some respects resemble Arnyiti is not