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www.BiologicalPsych.com FLASH CARDS
Kalat’s Book Chapter 11
Alphabetical
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alpha-fetoprotein
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alpha-fetoprotein
Alpha-Fetal Protein (AFP) or alpha-1-
fetoprotein. During a prenatal sensitive period,
estradiol causes masculinization. AFP protects
developing females from this process.
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androgens
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androgens
Any chemical or hormone that stimulates
male development or characteristics. Male
hormones; testosterone is most well known.
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estradiol
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estradiol
Best known estrogen. Prenatally causes
masculinization; at puberty causes
secondary female sexual characteristics.
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estrogens
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estrogens
Any chemical or hormone that stimulates
female development or characteristics. Female
hormones; estradiol is most well known.
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follicle-stimulating hormone
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follicle-stimulating hormone
FSH. Released by pituitary gland. Promotes
growth of ovary follicles. releases estradiol
and (along with LH) causes follicle to release
ovum.
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gender identity
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gender identity
Self-identification as male or female.
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hermaphrodite
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hermaphrodite
Usually refers to ambiguous genitalia, or that
genetic sex and genitals don’t match. Can
include having both testicular & ovarian tissue.
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hyperplasia
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hyperplasia
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
Abnormality of the adrenal glands. Excess
testosterone; symptoms vary. Little impact on
males, can masculinize females (excess
facial hair, enlarged clitoris).
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impotence
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impotence
Impotence: Inability to have an erection (this
is usually not caused by low testosterone
levels in the body). Impotence can be treated
by increasing blood circulation in the penis
and hypothalamus.
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intersex
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intersex
Sexual development that is on a continuum
between male and female. Includes girls with
congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Makes
gender identity more difficult.
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luteinizing hormone
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luteinizing hormone
LH. Lutropin. Released from pituitary gland.
Along with FSH, triggers release of an ovum.
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menstrual cycle
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menstrual cycle
Cyclical variation in hormones; only occurs in
women. Lasts about 28 days; prepares body
for pregnancy.
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Müllerian ducts
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Müllerian ducts
Develops into female internal organs.
Present in both boys and girls, hormones
determine if they develop or disappear.
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organizing effects
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organizing effects
In contrast to activating effects. During
sensitive developmental stage, hormones
determine primary differences in males &
females.
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activating effects
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activating effects
In contrast to organizing effects. Can occur
at any time, have impact only as long as
hormone is present. At puberty, hormones
activate secondary sexual characteristics.
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ovaries
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ovaries
Two ovum-producing organs; left and right.
When follicle erupts, ovum is released by
ovary into the fallopian tube.
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oxytocin
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oxytocin
Hormone released by pituitary. Involved in
triggering uterus contractions during birth,
stimulating mammary glands, sexual
pleasure, parental bonding & recognition of
familiar faces.
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periovulatory period
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periovulatory period
Mid-point of menstrual cycle. Associated
with high estrogen levels, fertility,
preference for more masculine partners,
increased sexual interest, and subjective
feelings of being attractive.
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progesterone
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progesterone
Hormone. In men, it is a precursor of
testosterone and counters estrogen effects.
In women, builds and maintains uterine wall
for implantation, and maintains pregnancy.
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sensitive period
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sensitive period
Limited time during which development can
be greatly changed. Can refer to physical
development, language acquisition and
childhood interests.
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sexual selection
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sexual selection
Darwin’s concept about which traits may
survive. Includes mate choice by females
and male-male competition.
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sexually dimorphic nucleus
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sexually dimorphic nucleus
Part of hypothalamus; larger in males than
females. In females, generates hormone cycles
for menstrual periods. In men, impacts appetite
and stereotypical copulatory behaviors.
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SRY gene
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SRY gene
Sex-determining region on Y chromosome.
Codes the presence of a protein that initiates
testes differentiation.
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steroid hormones
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steroid hormones
Lipid-soluble molecules derived from
cholesterol, includes androgens & estrogens.
Can directly activate cytoplasm proteins or
bind to chromosomes & cell receptors.
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testis
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testis
Male gonads. Produce sperm. Triggered by
FSH to release testosterone.
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testicular feminization
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testicular feminization
Caused by insensitivity to androgen. Alters
genetic males genitalia; impact varies. Can
cause smaller penis or female-like genitals.
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testosterone
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testosterone
Best known androgen. Impacts male
development.
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Wolffian ducts
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Wolffian ducts
Develops into male internal organs. Present
in both boys and girls, hormones determine if
they develop or disappear.
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www.BiologicalPsych.com