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Karsit Madde
Umut KoseTurkish Teacher Programme 6, 26
June- 01 July 2016
128/06/2016 Turkish Teacher Programme 6,
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Karsit madde fikri ilk defa karsimizi Arthur Schuster tarafinda 1898 Nature dergisindekaleme aldinan bir makalede cikmaktadir :
“Surely something is wanting in our conception of the universe. We know positive and negative electricity, north and south magnetism, and why not some extra terrestrial matter related to terrestrial matter, as the source is to the sink. ... Worlds may have formed of this stuff, with element and compounds possessing identical properties with out own, indistinguishable from them until they are brought into each other's vicinity. If there is negative electricity, then why not negative gold as yellow as our own?... Astronomy, the oldest and most juvenile of the sciences, may still have some surprises in store. Many anti-matter be commended to its care! ... Do dreams ever come true?”
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328/06/2016 Turkish Teacher Programme 6,
Lost in Space
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428/06/2016 Turkish Teacher Programme 6,
Star Trek
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Enterprise Uzay gemisinin madde-karsit madde reaksiyonlarini kullanan bir roketsistemi bulunmaktadir.
Yaklasik 190.000 tons agirliginda olan uzay gemisinin 0.5c hiziyla 8.6 isik yiliuzaklikta bulunan Sirius yildizina seyahat ettigini dusunelim. Uzay gemisinihizlandirmak icin ne kadar enerji ihtiyac var?
Ne kadar antimaddeye ihtiyac var?
ENTERPRISE 1701-D
SIRIUS, aka The Dog Star
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Angels and Demons628/06/2016 Turkish Teacher Programme 6,
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ψψβψα Emcci =+∇− 2.Dirac denklemi:
1928 Paul Dirac, Arthur Schuster’in karsit madde hayalinin matematikseltemellerini insa ediyor.
4222 cmpcE +±=
242 ±=→= xx
“This would be a new kind of particle, unknown to experimental physics, having the same mass and opposite charge as the electron. We may call such a particle an anti-electron”
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Carl Anderson, 1932, ilk karsit maddenin gozlemlenmesi: POSITRON (Karsit electron)
Manyetik alan uygulanmis bulut odasinda kozmik yagmur calismalarisirasinda kesfediliyor. Elektronun kutlesiyle ayni ama manyetikalanda ters yonde hareket eden bir parcacik gozlemleniyor. BoyleceDirac’in karsit madde kuramini ispatlamis oluyor.
1936 Nobel, Anderson ve Dirac.
Dirac :
"Why did the experimentalists not see them? Because they were prejudiced against them.
The experimentalists … sometimes saw the opposite curvature, and interpreted the tracks as electrons which happened to be moving into the source, instead of the positively charged particles coming out.
Dirac nobel sunumunda karsit maddeden olusan baska bir evrenin varligina iliskin fikrini dile getirmis828/06/2016 Turkish Teacher Programme 6,
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1955 Karsti proton, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1956 Karsit neutron: karsit_proton + karsit_proton notron + karsit notron1965 Karsit doteryum, CERN
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• 1995: First 9 anti-hydrogen atoms made:
• 1997: anti-proton decelerator hizlandiricilarin aksine ueriten antiproton 100 MeV’e kadar yavaslatan bir sistem
1028/06/2016 Turkish Teacher Programme 6,
Dusuk enerjili Antiprotonlar Xe gazinabombardiman edildiginde, Xecekirdeginin yakinindan gecerkenelektromanyetik etkilesim sonucundaphoton sonra da electron-positron olusur. Olusan positron antriproton tarafindanyakalanarak antihidrojeni olusturur. Detectore yondeldirilen Antihidrojenlerdetektorun ceperine carparak yok olur. Burada olusan antihidrojenler enerjetikolduklari icin bunlarin uzerinde ayrintiliislem yapmam mumkun degil.
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Acceleration effciency ~ 10-3
Production efficiency ~ 10-4
Collection efficiency ~ 10-2
AD antiproton uretimi
1128/06/2016 Turkish Teacher Programme 6,
PS’te 28 GeV ye kadar hizlandirilanprotonlar Iridyum hedefine carpitilir. Yaklasik olarak her 100.000 proton etkilesimine karsilik 3.5 GeV enerjili birantiproton olusur. Olusan antiprotonlarmiknatislar araciligiyla Antiproton Deceleration unitesine tasinir.
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Antiproton deceleration:
1228/06/2016 Turkish Teacher Programme 6,
AD’ye tasinan 3.5 GeV enerjiliantiprotonlar, stochastic cooling veelectron cooling yontemiyle 100 MeV kadar enerjileri dusurulur(sogutulur). Daha sonra AD’debulunan 5 detektore yonlendirilir. Detektorlerde tuzaklananantiprotonlar, pozitronlareklenerek antihidrojen elde edilir.
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~ 3 x 107
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• Beam energy: ~ GeV• Atomic energy scale: ~ eV• Trap charged particles:
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antiproton
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Antihydrogen annihilation:
1728/06/2016 Turkish Teacher Programme 6,
Detektorlerde genelde 8-kutuplu miknatislarkullanilmaktadir. Elde ediler manyetik alansayesinde positronlar ve antiprotonlardetektorun icerinde tutulur sonra da karistirilir. Genelde 1 antiprotona karsilik 2 positron bulunmaktadir.
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• Yilda sadece 1 ile 10 nano gram civarinda antiproton uretilmektedir.
• Dunyada ki en pahali urunlerden biri.1 gram yaklasik $62.5 trillion.
Soru: Enterprise uzay aracinda kullanilacak antimddeyi ne kadar surede uretebiliriz?
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Maddesel bir evrende yasiyoruz.
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DarkEnergy:~70% Dark
Matter:~25%
Antimatter: 0% ~25%
~70%
2028/06/2016 Turkish Teacher Programme 6, Buyuk patlamadan sonra esit sayida olusan madde ve karsit madde simetrisi nasil kirildi?
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Sakharov’s idea (1967)(Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe)
1975 Nobel Peace Prize
Particles decay (a little) faster than antiparticles Charge-Parity violation
Small imbalance (1,000,000,001:1,000,000,000)Occurs during cool-down of Universe
Most particle-antiparticle pairs annihilate to radiation
Galaxies, stars, planets, us = ‘left-over’
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22
C P
CPParity InversionSpatialmirror
Charge InversionParticle-antiparticlemirror
28/06/2016 Turkish Teacher Programme 6,
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Evrende baryon asimetrisi soz konusu ve bunun kaynagi CP simetri ihlalindenkaynaklandigi dusunuyoruz.
CP bozunumu kuark ve leptonik sektorde calisilmaktadir.
CP bozunumu ilk defa notral Kaon mezonunda gozlemlenmistir.
Belle, Babar ve LHCb gibi deneylerde kuark sektorunde CP bozunumu calisilmaktadir. Yakin gelecekte Amerikanin Fermilab merkezinde gerceklestirilecek notrino deneylerindede CP bozunumu leptonik sektorde calisilacak ve evrende maddenin antimaddeyeustunlugunu aciklamaya daha cok yaklasacagiz.
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Saglikta antimadde kullanimi: Positron Emission Tomografi
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RADIOACTIVE NUCLEI
CARBON-11 (C-11)OXYGEN-15 (O-15)FLUORINE-18 (F-18)SODIUM-22 (Na-22)
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ANNIHILATION
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ANNIHILATION
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n
np
positron-emitterp
ppn
p
n
e-
positron range
e+
n
Detector
Detector
γ-rayphotons emitted at
≈ 180o
Images courtesy of Manjit Dosanjh, CERN 3228/06/2016 Turkish Teacher Programme 6,
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Kaynakca:• www.cern.ch• http://ippog.web.cern.ch/resources/2010/cern-anti-matter-teaching-
module• www.youtube.com