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Vehicle to Grid PowerVehicle to Grid Power
Presented to
Delaware Public Service Commission7 J uly 2009
byWillett Kempton, Director
Center for Carbon-free Power IntegrationCollege of Earth, Ocean, and Environment
University of Delaware
Presented to
Delaware Public Service Commission7 J uly 2009
byWillett Kempton, Director
Center for Carbon-free Power IntegrationCollege of Earth, Ocean, and Environment
University of Delaware
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Overview
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)
Car as underutilized resource
How much power available?
Vehicles as A/S providers
Control of car by ISO
Software for aggregation of vehicles
Car production, Fleet Expansion
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vehicle-to-grid Powervehicle-to-grid Power
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Plug-in for chargingPlug-in for charging
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V2G with ISO ControlV2G with ISO Control
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V2G taps an underutilized
resource US car used 1 hour/day, parked 23 h/d
Daily travel = 35 mi, battery 100-200 mi
Thus, most storage unused most days
Drive train output = 100 kW
Practical power through grid = 10 - 20 kW
Cars as significant power? Compare:
Vehicle fleet at 15 kW each car, with
Total load for country (GW)
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How Much Power in cars?
Denmark UK USA
Light vehicles(10
6) 1.9 28.5 191
Vehicle GW(@ 15 kW each) 29 427 2,865
Avg. ElectricLoad (GW) 3.6 40 417
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Initial Market -- Ancillary
services
First Market: Ancillary Services (A/S)
Higher revenue, especially regulation ISO control via Automatic Generation
Control (AGC)
Revenue sufficient for business launch
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Energy Markets
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North American RTO/ISOs
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11 2006 PJ Mwww.pjm.com
11
Key Statistics
PJ M member companies 470+Millions of people served 51Peak load in megawatts 144,796MWs of generating capacity 165,303Miles of transmission lines 56,070GWh of annual energy 728,000
Generation sources 1,271Square miles of territory 164,260Area served 13 states + DC
26% of generation inEastern Interconnection
23% of load in
Eastern Interconnection
19% of transmission assets
in Eastern Interconnection
19% of U.S. GDP produced in PJM
6,038substations
PJM as Part of the US Eastern Interconnection
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Value of regulationAverage Annual Market Clearing Price
($/MW-h)2004 2005 2006
PJM $42.75 $49.73 $32.69
RTO-NE $28.92 $30.22 $24.02
NY ISO $22.59 $39.21 $51.26ERCOT $22.66 $38.07 n/a
CA ISO $29.00 n/a $36.04
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Value per Vehicle10 Year Present Value V2G Revenue Potential
Assumptions: 80% availability, Reg. $40/MW-h, Spin.$10/MW-h, 7% discount rate, example calculations
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Sequence of Markets
Initial, high-value markets, are ancillaryservices (A/S)
Regulating power (Regulation) Spinning reserves (synchronous
reserves)
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Sequence of Markets
Later -- larger markets, lower value per kW Defer upgrades to distribution feeders,
transformers
Peak load reduction, valley filling
Power factor correction
Balancing wind, reducing ramp rate
Shifting solar peak to load peak
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Control of car by ISO
(Grid operator)
Control of car by ISO
(Grid operator)
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AGC from PJ M to Vehicle via
PLC
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What the ISO seesWhat the ISO sees
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What the ISO sees
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EVs providing regulation
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Regulation, drive, regulation, drive
Permitted by Load Serving Entity
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Permitted by Load-Serving Entity
(local utility)
P itt d b L d S i E tit
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Permitted by Load-Serving Entity
(local utility)
meets IEEE 1547 standards
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Bill to codify interconnect Permits
Define:
Grid-integratedelectric vehicle
Aggregator
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Bill to codify interconnect Permits
Net metering
Continued...
Interconnection requirements, etcsame as distributed renewables
Net can be at rate at time of use (not in this case)
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Changed to ISO -
coalition - vehicle smartlink
Changed to ISO -
coalition - vehicle smartlink
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ISO link now on server
V hi l S t li k (VSL) i
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Vehicle Smart link (VSL) in
Car
No moving parts, fitsunder dash
Receives signal from
coalition server
Reports capacity andcurrent state back tocoalition
Working to predict next
use of car (time, distance)
Automotive-grade Linux
computer
F t
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From car-as-generator
to fleet as generator AGC signal to a server used by
aggregator
Server runs an agent-based coalition
manager, dispatches individual vehicles Vehicle Smart Link (VSL) on each vehicle
learns pattern of use of that vehicle,
predicts ability to dispatch
Vehicle module acts reasonably when
communication lost (e.g. night charge)
V2G A t
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V2G Aggregator
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Leveling Wind with V2GLeveling Wind with V2G
Simple model of V2G for
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Simple model of V2G for
wind leveling 220 MW offshore wind power (modelled from buoy 44009)
Leveling target at 88 MW (40% of nameplate or 14%of average DE load over 8760 hours)
EV storage of 1000 MWh (1 GWh) to level
Storage from just under 30,000 EVs (28571eBoxes), about 4% of DE fleet
Simplifying assumptions: no other end use storage,no distribution power limits, driving compromisedduring a few long wind lulls/year
Equivalent proportion: 3,250 MW capacity (100% ofDE electricity) and 58% of fleet
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J uly Wind
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J uly wind + V2G
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J anuary Wind
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J anuary wind + V2G
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V2G as wind leveling
Good to reduce ramp rate, fill short gaps(up to 6 hours? one day?)
Simple model: Not suitable for multi-day
wind lulls
Still need fossil or some other backup
for long wind lulls Half of fleet serves very roughly 100%
wind electric -- needs model with load,etc
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Experimental FleetExperimental Fleet
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Current Fleet
AC PropulsioneBox
Fuel Cell Bus
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Fleet expansion Now building 5 vehicles
Market test requires enough vehicles, at15 kW/vehicle that is
V2G market test in PJ M: 200 cars = 1MW
V2G test in ISO-NE: 20 cars = 100 kW OEMs not building grid-oriented cars, so
we work with medium-volume (300/year)
manufacturers
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medium-volume manufacturing
AutoPort, Inc. converts vehicles, will do EVs with V2G
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Fleet expansion
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Summary Electricity has won as next car fuel
Plug-in cars will be a grid resource
A/S as initial high-value markets
Completed or in process
1-6 vehicle dispatch under AGC
Software for aggregator & vehicle Interconnect; law for net metering
Next: Fleet for A/S contract (~200+)
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ENDENDMore information:
www.magicconsortium.org
www.carbonfree.udel.edu
More information:
www.magicconsortium.org
www.carbonfree.udel.edu
http://www.magicconsortium.org/http://www.carbonfree.udel.edu/http://www.magicconsortium.org/http://www.carbonfree.udel.edu/http://www.carbonfree.udel.edu/http://www.magicconsortium.org/