Key termsSocii ala sociorum praefecti sociorumSocial War/War between the Allies (91-87 BCE)

Gaius Marius capite censi

Standard(s)/signum/signa vexillum/vexilla signifer aquilifer

Cohors/cohort = 4 maniples = 420 men/later 480)

Legion = 10 cohorts

Virtus disciplina

Aciessimplex aciesduplex aciestriplex acies

Elimination of the velites (light-armed)

front

Legionary standards and vexilla

Coin of Mark Antony showing legionary eagle between 2 standards (31 BCE)

Statue of Augustus Prima Porta showing the return of the standards captured in Parthia

Augustan denarius; kneeling Parthian returns a standard (20/19 BCE)

Military parade from Trajan’s column showing standard bearers (c. 108-113 CE)