IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWAREIN AND FOR KENT COUNTYCHRISTOPHER KING, d/b/a KingCast/Mortgage Movies, ))CASE NO. K!C"#$"#%&P'ainti(,v. ) )*+GE ,O*NG-ETT, .O* MCKENNA, HO.., MA.ONE )and )OHN PARA+EE, ES/.+e0endants. )PLAINTIFFS AMENDED MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITION TO SUMMARYJUDGMENT1I.Introd12tion, 3ie4 o0 t5e Pre6ises and 75ere t5e Co1rt8s Entire 9irst A6end6ent Ana':sis is Co6;'ete': O("Point, P1b'i2 Meeting .a4s and Cases are Ina;;'i2ab'e and t5e .a4 o0 t5e Case +o2trine +oes Not A;;':.T5e Co1rt 2annot ignore re'evant 2ase 'a4 and t5en ;oint and sa: , a servi2e des> at 45i25 +e0endant Ma'one stood a'one, and a ;1b'i2 5a''4a: 'eading to t5e ba2> roo6 45ere severa' ;1b'i2 >ios>s aresit1ated. As s125, i0 t5e Co1rt is at a'' interested in Tr1t5 and )1sti2e, it 4o1'd sto; 5iding be5ind 0a2ts not a''1ded to in t5e P'eadings. To 4it@ P'ainti( 4as not see>ing a22ess to ;eda'. $INote@ T5ere are no ;rivate 21bi2'es in P'ainti(8s i66ediate 2a6era vie4. So6e5o4 P'ainti( Gnds t5is signiG2ant b1t t5en 45at does 5e >no4@ A22ording to )1dge ,o1ng 5e8s F1st a . 75i'e t5e Co1rt at ;. N"A o;ines t5at P'ainti( 2o1'd get b: 4it5 a note;ad, t5e on': Co1rt in re2ent 5istor: t5at arrived at s125 a 2on2'1sion 4as Whiteland Woods, and a-ain that was the wron- conte0t accordin- to Defendants beca+se it is a p+blic %eetin- ar-+%ent and therefore 1inapplicable.=$Ot5er Co1rts 5ave s;e2iG2a'': 5e'd ot5er4ise, in2'1ding b1t not 'i6ited to t5e 2o'or M1ote t5at a;;ears be'o4. Ma: P'ainti( re;eat it 'est t5e Co1rt and +e0endants 0ai' to address it@$ And 01rt5er o0 2o1rse t5e ;oint is t5at a ;en and ;ad 4it5o1t a 9ine Art degree in dra4ing does not ;ortra: 45at P'ainti( 4ants to ;ortra: 4it5 t5ree"ti6e s122ess01' Candidate G1nn ;1''ing 1; dirt: do216ents.*n'ess s125 ;ortra:a' disr1;ts t5e oH2et5en b: go'': P'ainti( 5as a Constit1tiona', Stat1tor: and Co66on .a4 Rig5t to s5ootit. Period. SCOT*S 4i'' agree on2e 4e get o1t o0 +e'a4are.!S1;;ose, 0or eKa6;'e, t5at t5e B'o2a' ;1b'i2 bod:C 5ad atte6;ted to ;ro5ibit t5e 1se o0 ;en, or ;en2i' and ;a;er, at t5e sessions 5e'd b: t5e6O s125 a 6eas1re 4o1'd at on2e stri>e an:one as being an i6;ro;er 6eans o0 eKerting oH2ia' ;o4er, and t5e s1r;rise and dissatis0a2tion generated b: s125 an arbitrar: r1'e 4o1'd 1ndo1bted': 'ead to a ;ro5ibition b: t5e 2o1rts o0 s125 a 0oo'is5 atte6;t to eKer2ise govern6enta' ;o4er. BId. at !I, $I& A.%d %N EM1oting Nevens v. C5ino, %$$ Ca'. A;;. %d AA!, II Ca'. R;tr. !#, !% E+ist.Ct.A;;.?N!)).C T51s, over ti6e, M1i'' and ;ar256ent gave 4a: to ;en and ;adO a1dio re2ording devi2es s1;;'anted stenogra;5:.NDe2$*$&e Atto&ne+ Gene&$2 Opinion S%ppo&t P2$inti8,Thi i No Di8e&ent Then P2$inti8 Appe$&in7 *ith Pen 9 Repo&te& Note P$#.As P'ainti( as>s e'se45ere in t5is do216ent, 45: is t5e Co1rt going ba2>4ardsP T5is is ;arti21'ar': tr1e in 'ig5t o0 t5e ;re2ator: 'ang1age iss1ed b: State Attorne: Genera' -iden ERIP) on ;1b'i2 6eetings. 75i'e +e0endants tr: to 2'ai6 t5at t5ese 2o66ents ro'' in t5eir 0avor, t5e: are atte6;ting to read t5e 'a4 0ar too narro4': be2a1se t5e O;inion 5o'ds tr1e o0 so2iet: in genera' even t5o1g5 t5e AG8s oH2e on': 5as s;e2iG2 F1risdi2tion over ;1b'i2 bodies.As noted in )sorn&, in ?&!, a Massa251setts 2o1rt, den:ing t5e rig5t to re2ord a ;1b'i2 6eeting, stated@ T5ere 6a: 2o6e a ti6e 45en so1nd 2a6eras 4i'' be so t5oro1g5': a22e;ted, and an: idea t5at t5e: 2o1'd distort or o(end de2or16 so ana25ronisti2, t5at to bar t5e6 4o1'd see6 t5e eM1iva'ent o0 ;ro5ibiting ;en2i' and ;a;er. )sorn&, ?$9.$d at !? EM1oting Wri-ht v. Lawrence, I&N N.E.%d !, !$"!I EMass. A;;. ?&!). )sorn&, in %##$, 0o1nd t5at ing notes. CONC.*SION@ T5e +O) s5o1'd advise its 2'ient ;1b'i2 bodies t5at to o1trig5t ;ro5ibit an: re2ording o0 ;1b'i2 6eetings is 5ig5': ris>:. T5e 'a4 is evo'ving in a 6ore ;er6issive dire2tion.So no4 t5en 2o6e +e0endants to arg1e t5at t5e AG O;inion is not re'evant, even t5o1g5 t5e: F1st 1sed t5e ;1b'i2 bod:/;1b'i2 5earing ana':sis to get P'ainti(8s Constit1tiona' 2'ai6s dis6issed and t5e Co1rt s;e2iG2a'': 'avis5ed ;raise 1;on t5e6 at ;. #, 9n ? o0 its %? )1ne %#! O;inion, Gnding t5e 2ase e a1dio re2ordingsUi6;a2ted 5o4 s5e 4as ab'e to obtain a22ess to and ;resent in0or6ation abo1t t5e Cit: Co1n2i' and its ;ro2eedings. See -'a2>ston v. State o0 A'a., $# 9.$d A, %# Et5 Cir. ??I).-ased on t5is re2ord, t5e Co1rt Gnds t5at a reasonab'e F1r: 2o1'd 2on2'1de t5at Ma:or GravittVs restri2tive ;o'i2: anno1n2ed at t5e A;ri' A, %#% 6eeting 4as BWW%Ca tota' ban on G'6ing in Cit: Co1n2i' 6eetings. I0 t5e restri2tion 4as a tota' ban, it b1rdens 6ore s;ee25 t5an ne2essar: to 01rt5er t5e Cit:Vs interest in 6aintaining I P'ainti( res;e2ts t5e State AG8s oH2es@ He 4as one. In 0a2t, 5e 4as t5e go"to g1: 0or A;;e''ate iss1es in t5e e6;'o:6ent se2tion. T5at abi'it: is 2'ear': borne o1t in t5isdo216ent.&order and eH2ien2: at its Cit: Co1n2i' 6eetingsO 2onseM1ent':, t5e restri2tion 4as not narro4': tai'ored to serve t5e govern6ent interest. -e2a1se P'ainti(Ut5e non"6oving ;art: 0or t5e ;1r;oses o0 +e0endantsV Motion 0or S166ar: )1dg6entU5as ;resented eviden2e t5at 2o1'd a''o4 a reasonab'e F1r: to 2on2'1de t5at Ma:or Gravitt anno1n2ed a tota' ban, t5e Co1rt 2annot 2on2'1de as a 6atter o0 'a4 t5at +e0endants did not vio'ate P'ainti(Vs 9irst A6end6ent rig5ts. To t5e eKtent t5at +e0endants 6ove 0or s166ar: F1dg6ent on gro1nds t5at no 2onstit1tiona' vio'ation o221rred, +e0endantsV Motion 0or S166ar: )1dg6ent 61st be +ENIE+.T5e 2ase t5en sett'ed 0or X%##,###.## J 6a>ing P'ainti(8s X%,!##.## o(er o0 Sett'e6ent see6 rat5er 6inis21'e indeed. 5tt;@//444.0ors:t5ne4s.2o6/ar25ives/%N??&/C*MMING U A X%##,### sett'e6ent 5as been rea25ed in a Ros4e'' 4o6an8s 0edera' 'a4s1it against t5e 2it: o0 C166ing over re;orted 0ree s;ee25 and sear25 and seiQ1re vio'ations.N:dia Tisda'e 2onGr6ed T1esda: t5at s5e 5ad re2eived t5e ;a:6ent.T5e 'a4s1it ste66ed 0ro6 an A;ri' %#% in2ident in 45i25 Tisda'e 4as dire2ted b: Ma:or H. 9ord Gravitt to sto; G'6ing d1ring a C166ing Cit: Co1n2i' 6eeting and as>ed to 'eave. S5e 'ater ret1rned and 2ontin1ed G'6ing4it5 a di(erent devi2e.T5e sa6e da: as t5e in2ident, Georgia8s revised O;en Meetings A2t 5ad goneinto e(e2t.Cr:sta' .ed0ord, ;1b'i2 in0or6ation assistant 4it5 t5e 2it:, said t5at t5e 2it:8s 'iabi'it: ins1ran2e ;rovider, P1b'i2 Ris> *nder4riters, 5ad sett'ed 4it5 Tisda'e.WWWWWWWWWThe De"en#$nt $&e F2$t O%t L+in7 to Thi Co%&t When the+ C2$i/ ;P2$inti8 C2$i/e# ;Ri7ht< $&e not Re'o7ni=e# )+ An+ Co%&t.a2Q ended 1; G'ing s1it asserting, a6ong ot5er t5ings, t5at s5e 4as arrested in vio'ation o0 t5e 9irst A6end6ent reta'iation 0or 5er 6onitoring a2tivitiesEe6;5asis added so t5e +e0endants, Co1rt and Revie4ing Co1rt 2an see 45ere t5e: 5ave been 2o6;'ete': disingen1o1sto date).On t5e nig5t o0 O2tober A, %##%, on 5er 4a: to 7i'd4ood, Po6:>a2Q drove ;ast t5e boro1g5 61ni2i;a' b1i'ding and observed OH2er 9erentQ 4or>ing on renovations 45i'e s5e 4as on d1t:. .ater t5at nig5t, a0ter Po6:>a2Q 5ad ret1rned 0ro6 7i'd4ood, he photo7&$phe# O?'e& Fe&ent= in the po2i'e he$#:%$&te&. A Anot5er ;o'i2e oH2er andBW!#&CMa:or 9oK 4ere a'so ;resent in t5e ;o'i2e station at t5e ti6e. A22ording to Po6:>a2Q, Ma:or 9oK 2a6e o1t o0 t5e b1i'ding and began :e''ing at 5er. Po6:>a2Q 4a'>ed 5o6e 4it5o1t res;onding Ee6;5asis added so t5e +e0endants, Co1rt and Revie4ing Co1rt 2an see 45ere t5e: 5ave been 2o6;'ete': disingen1o1s to date).*.S. +istri2t )1dge )ose;5 E. Irenas noted, Po6:>a2Q 5as ;1t 0ort5 s1H2ient eviden2e t5at s5e 4as a 2on2erned 2itiQen 45o at ti6es s;o>e 5er 6ind to -oro1g5BW!$CoH2ia's and ot5er 2itiQens abo1t 5er 2on2erns regarding t5e oH2ia' 2ond12t o0 t5e ;o'i2e de;art6ent and t5e 6a:or. S125 s;ee25 is 2'ear': ;rote2ted b: t5e 9irst A6end6ent. I 3ee Mills v. 4laba%a,$&I *.S. %I, %&, &N S. Ct. I$I, N .. Ed. %d I&I E?NN) 5617ETa 6aFor ;1r;ose o0 Bt5e 9irstC A6end6ent 4as to ;rote2t t5e 0ree dis21ssion o0 govern6enta' #a(airs.T)O 8oth v. 9nited 3tates,$!I *.S. IAN, I&I, AA S. Ct. $#I,.. Ed. %d I?& E?!A) ETT5e ;rote2tion given s;ee25 and ;ress 4as 0as5ioned to ass1re 1n0ettered inter25ange o0 ideas 0or t5e bringing abo1t o0 ;o'iti2a' and so2ia' 25anges desired b: t5e ;eo;'e.T).So 2et &e(ie* the )o2# te@t then! to ee the De"en#$nt 2ie h$22 *e0A 2itiQen Fo1rna'ist too> ;i2t1res, re;eated':, at a ;o'i2e b1i'ding t5at deGnite': 4as NOT tied to a ste;.A 9o21s on t5e 4ord t5e: are 0oo'ingPN75ere0ore, given t5e T5ird Cir21it 2ase o0 Po%&'ac( v. 2oro+-h of W. Wildwood, I$& 9. S1;;. %d !#I E%##N) and no4 t5is 2ase, in addition to t5e ;re2ator: re6ar>s o0 +e'a4are AG +enn, it is ;atent': 2'ear t5at a )1r: is entit'ed to 5ear Constit1tiona' arg16ents on t5is 6atter. It is si6;': not as 2'ear as +e0endants and t5e Co1rt 5ave 'ed t5e 7or'd to be'ieve on .EDIS, .eag'e or on an: ot5er ;1b'is5ing 0or16.Moving on to )irelli v. Town of Johnston 3chool District, &?A 9.S1;;. NN$E??!)E2ited in ,li') t5e Co1rt in2orre2t': 5e'd t5at it 4as essentia' t5at )irelli 4as a ;1b'i2 e6;'o:ee@ing 4it5 govern6ent oH2ia's@ At an: rate, s125 4as not t5e 5o'ding in )irelli 5o4ever be2a1se t5e Co1rt s;e2iG2a'': 0o1nd t5at )irelli 4as on': entit'ed to r1n video in ;'a2es 45ere t5e 7ene&$2 p%)2i' 4as a''o4ed@75i'e I agree 4it5 ;'ainti( t5at t5e de0endants 5ave no 'egiti6ate interest in ;ro5ibiting t5e disse%ination o0 t5e 0r1its o0 ;'ainti(Vs 'abors, de0endants do 5ave a 'egiti6ate interest in restri2ting 1n2onditiona' access to t5e s25oo' b1i'ding. T51s, i0 ;'ainti( 4is5es to videota;e at t5ese ti6es, s5e 61st abide b: t5e a;;'i2ation ;ro2ess genera'': a;;'i2ab'e to ot5er 6e6bers o0 t5e ;1b'i2.)irelli at NN?.T5at is 2onsistent 4it5 t5e essen2e o0 Pic'erin-, to 45i25 t5e Co1rt 2ited at 9nIN be2a1se Pic'erin- 5e'd t5at t5e govern6ent e6;'o:ee 5as no 6ore or no 'ess rig5ts t5an t5e genera' ;1b'i2. P'ainti( re2a''s st1d:ing Pic'erin-, again 1nder t5e inesti6ab': bri''iant Ted Mearns, EsM. ERIP). 9ro6 Pic'erin-@To t5e eKtent t5at t5e I''inois S1;re6e Co1rtVs o;inion 6a: be read to s1ggest t5at tea25ers 6a: 2onstit1tiona'': be 2o6;e''edto re'inM1is5 t5e 9irst A6end6ent rig5ts t5e: 4o1'd ot5er4ise AenFo: as 2itiQens to 2o66ent on 6atters o0 ;1b'i2 interest in 2onne2tion 4it5 t5e o;eration o0 t5e ;1b'i2 s25oo's in 45i25 t5e:4or>, it ;ro2eeds on a ;re6ise t5at 5as been 1neM1ivo2a'': reFe2ted in n16ero1s ;rior de2isions o0 t5is Co1rt. &.ast':, in ,li' v. )+ni/e, Est Cir Ct. A;; %#) in So1t5 -oston 45ere P'ainti( 4as 'iving and r1nning video o0 ;o'i2e and vario1s Co1rt Tria's at t5e ti6e, t5e Co1rt indeed 2ited)irelli v. Town of Johnston 3ch. Dist., &?A 9. S1;;. NN$ E+.R.I. ??!) E5o'ding t5at tea25er 5ad a rig5t 1nder t5e 9irst A6end6ent to videota;e ;otentia'': 5aQardo1s 4or>ing 2onditions at s25oo', 45i25 4ere a 6atter o0 ;1b'i2 2on2ern). So 5ere 4e 5ave a 9edera' Co1rt o0 A;;ea's a;;':ing )irelli eKa2t': as P'ainti(a;;'ied it, 4it5 no 6ention o0 t5e bog1s 'i6iting 0a2tor t5at )1dge ,o1ng tried to i6;ose b: stating t5at Cire''i8s rationa'e a;;'ies on': to ;1b'i2 e6;'o:ees, a5e6.T5e 9irst Cir21it re'ied on its ear'ier o;inion in *acob+cci, as 4e'' as a ;'et5ora o0 de2isions 0ro6 ot5er 2o1rts, in 5o'ding t5at t5e 9irst A6end6ent rig5t to re2ord ;1b'i2 oH2ia's in ;1b'i2 s;a2es 5ad been 4e'' estab'is5ed. T5e Co1rt a'so dis6issed t5e s1ggestion t5at t5e dis21ssion o0 t5e 9irst A6end6ent rig5t to re2ord in Ia2ob122i 4as too 21rsor: to 2'ear': estab'is5 t5e rig5t. To t5e 2ontrar:, t5e Co1rt stated t5at 75at is ;arti21'ar': notab'e abo1t Ia2ob122i is t5e brevit: o0 t5e 9irst A6end6ent dis21ssion, a 25ara2teristi2 0o1nd in ot5er 2ir21it o;inions t5at 5ave re2ogniQeda rig5t to G'6 govern6ent oH2ia's or 6atters o0 ;1b'i2 interest in ;1b'i2 s;a2e. See S6it5, %% 9.$d at $$$O 9ord:2e, !! 9.$d at I$?. TBtC5e terseness i6;'i2it': s;ea>s to t5e 01nda6enta' and virt1a'': se'0"evident nat1re o0 t5e 9irst A6end6entVs ;rote2tions in t5is area.TSo t5e >e: in Po%&'ac( and ,li' is 45et5er or not t5e re;orter engaged in 1nne2essar: dis21ssion or 1n;ro0essiona'is6, not 45et5er t5e: 4ere a''o4ed to 5ave a 2a6era at a''. And re6e6ber t5at t5ose 2ases dea't 4it5 ;o'i2e, so o0 2o1rse it is 6ore i6;ortant t5at t5e: not be see>ing intervie4s 4it5 oH2ers 45o are on d1t:O b1t ot5er e6;'o:ees 6a: 2ertain': be s1bFe2t to REASONA-.E inM1ir:, 45i25 is a 2ase s;e2iG2 inM1ir: b1t t5is Co1rt is not to t5re4 t5e bab: o1t 4it5 t5e bat54ater and ;ro5ibit A.. inM1ir:be2a1se t5at is si6;': +ra2onian.P'ainti( 1nderstands t5is being a 0or6er 'a4 en0or2e6ent attorne: and so to do ??] o0 a'' inde;endent or 6ainstrea6Fo1rna'ists,?And M1ite 0ran>':, 0or t5e co+p de -ras, t5e T5ird Cir21it 1nderstands it as 4e'' so )1dge ,o1ng s5o1'd re2ogniQe t5at it 2ited *acob+cci and ,li' F1st t5is :ear J ;rior to P'ainti( G'ing s1it. T5e 0a2t o0 t5e 6atter is, i0 a 2itiQen in t5e T5ird Cir21it is entit'ed to ;o'ite': 2riti2iQe a ;o'i2e oH2er d1ring t5e ;rose21tion o0 5is or 5er d1ties, t5en P'ainti( 5ad dang 4e'' better be ;er6itted to as> a 2o1;'e o0 ;o'ite M1estions at t5e Co1nt: Re2order8s OH2e. See Mont-o%er& v. .illin-sworth, %#! *.S. +ist. .EDIS A!% E)an1ar: %%, %#!).In *acob+cci v. 2o+lter, t5e 9irst Cir21it 2on2'1ded t5at t5e ;'ainti(, Ia2ob122i, 5ad a 9irst A6end6ent rig5t to G'6 'o2a' govern6ent oH2ia's 45o 4ere 2ond12ting ;1b'i2 b1siness in a ;1b'i2 b1i'ding. ?$ 9.$d I, %! Est Cir. ???). Ia2ob122i 4as arrested a0ter 5e re01sed to sto; G'6ing severa' to4n 2o66issioners 45i'e t5e: 4ere dis21ssing t5e ;ossib'e a;;rova' o0 an a;;'i2antVs b1i'ding ;er6it. *d . at &. C5arged 4it5 disorder': 2ond12t and disr1;ting a ;1b'i2 asse6b':, Ia2ob122i s;ent 0o1r 5o1rs in 21stod:, t5o1g5 t5e 25arges 4ere 'ater dis6issed. *d. Ia2ob122i initiated a \ ?&$ s1it in 45i25 5e 2'ai6ed 0a'se arrest and eK2essive 0or2e. *d. A0ter 'osing in t5e tria' 2o1rt, t5e arresting oH2er a;;ea'ed, 2ontending 5e 4as entit'ed to M1a'iGed i661nit: on t5ose 2'ai6s. *d . at %"%%. ReFe2ting t5at arg16ent, t5e 9irst Cir21it 5e'd t5at Ia2ob122iVs Trig5t to a2t as 5e did 4it5o1t being arrested 0or disorder': 2ond12tT 4as 2'ear': estab'is5ed at t5e ti6e o0 5is arrest. *d . at %I. In so 5o'ding, t5e 9irst Cir21it 0o1nd t5at TIa2ob122iVs a2tivities 4ere ;ea2e01', not ;er0or6ed in derogation o0 an: 'a4, and done in t5e eKer2ise o0 5is9irst A6end6ent rig5ts.T *d . at %!.Pea2e01' 2riti2is6 o0 a ;o'i2e oH2er ;er0or6ing 5is d1ties in a ;1b'i2 ;'a2e is a ;rote2ted a2tivit: 1nder t5e 9irst A6end6ent. As t5e Co1rt estab'is5ed in )it& of 5o+ston, Te0as v. 5ill, Tt5e 9irst A6end6ent ;rote2ts a signiG2ant a6o1nt o0 verba' 2riti2is6 and 25a''enge dire2ted at ;o'i2e oH2ers.T I&% *.S. I!, IN, #A S. Ct. %!#%, ?N .. Ed. %d $?& E?&A). T5is t:;e o0 s;ee25 is ne2essar: to ;rote2t and ;reserve be2a1se TBtC5e 0reedo6 o0 individ1a's verba'': to o;;ose or 25a''enge ;o'i2e a2tion 4it5o1t t5ereb: ris>ing arrest is one o0 t5e ;rin2i;a' 25ara2teristi2s b: 45i25 4e disting1is5 a 0ree nation 0ro6 a ;o'i2e state.T *d . at IN%"N$.A22ord ,a&%on v. 2oro+-h of )ollin-dale, %#! *.S. +ist. .EDIS ?$#I E)1': A, %#!). In 2ontrast, M1a'iGed i661nit: 4as reFe2ted 0or t5e re6aining 9irst A6end6ent 2'ai6 be2a1se T;ea2e01' 2riti2is6 o0 a ;o'i2e oH2er t5at neit5er obstr12ts an investigation nor Feo;ardiQes a ;o'i2e oH2erVs sa0et: 5as strong so2ia' va'1e, serving as a va'1ab'e 25e2> on state ;o4er, and is t5ere0ore ;rote2ted 1nder t5e 9irst %#A6end6ent.T Ki22in7*o&th! H41F U.S. Dit. LELIS 51FH! H41F WL HMDDG3! $t NM E2iting Genti'e v. State -ar o0 Nev., !# *.S. #$#, #$I,S. Ct. %A%#, ! .. Ed. %d &&& E??) ETT5ere is no M1estion t5at s;ee25 2riti2a' o0 t5e eKer2ise o0 t5e StateVs ;o4er 'ies at t5e ver: 2enter o0 t5e 9irst A6end6ent.T).5II. P'ainti(8s Rig5ts 7ere C'ear': Estab'is5ed Prior to +enia'.P'ainti( arrived in 0a'', %#I. Prior to 0a'', %#I G'i> 4as in t5e boo>s 0or% :ears and 01rt5er, a +e;art6ent o0 )1sti2e Me6o 4as 'i>e4ise in t5e boo>s 0or % :ears.T5at8s ;robab': 45: t5e Co1rt ignored ,li' F1st as s1re': as it ignored Po%&'ac( b1t 4e8re 5ere no4 so 'et8s not 6iss it again. 9ro6 Mont-o%er&@EKisting ;re2edent is not 'i6ited to T5ird Cir21it 2ase 'a4O 2ase 'a4 0ro6 ot5er 2ir21its is re'evant in ana':Qing 45et5er a reasonab'e oH2er4o1'd 5ave >no4n t5at 5is 2ond12tvio'ated t5e Constit1tion. See Ko;e2 v. Tate, $N 9.$d AA%, AAAJA& E$d Cir. %##I) Edis21ssing ot5er 2ir21it 2ase 'a4 in deter6ining a rig5t 4as 2'ear': estab'is5ed). I6;ortant':, t5is inM1ir: 0o21ses on': on t5e state o0 t5e 'a4 at t5e ti6e o0 t5e arrests@ )an1ar: %$, %#, 0or Montgo6er:, and )1': I, %#, 0or .oeb.! See Ke'': v. -oro1g5 o0 Car'is'e, N%% 9.$d %I&, %!$ E$dCir. %##) E v. C1nni(e, N!! 9.$d A& Est Cir. %#), as 4e'' as a %#% +e;art6ent o0 )1sti2e 6e6orand16, in arg1ing t5at t5is rig5t 4as 2'ear': estab'is5ed. -e2a1se G'i> and t5e +e;art6ent o0 )1sti2e 6e6orand16 2a6e a0ter Montgo6er:8s arrest, t5e 2o1rt disregards an: re0eren2e to t5e6 5e 6a>es in s1;;ort o0 5is M1a'iGed i661nit: arg16ent.91rt5er6ore, in ;1b'i2':"G'ed do216ents t5at 4ere 2ir21'ated t5ro1g5o1t t5e entire 2o1ntr:, and rig5t neKt door in Mar:'and, t5e Dep$&t/ent o" J%ti'e Atto&ne+ 'aid do4n t5e .a4@ In *.S. +ist. Co1rt M+ Gar2ia v. Montgo6er: Co1nt:, Civi' No. &@%"2v"#$!?%")9M@%T5e *nited States addressed t5e 2entra' M1estions raised in t5is 2ase J 45et5er individ1a's 5ave a 9irst A6end6ent rig5t to re2ord ;o'i2e oH2ers in t5e ;1b'i2 dis25arge o0 t5eir d1ties, and 45et5er oH2ers vio'ate individ1a's8 9o1rt5 and 9o1rteent5 A6end6ent rig5ts 45en t5e: seiQe s125 re2ordings 4it5o1t a 4arrant or d1e ;ro2ess J in a State6ent o0 Interest G'ed in S5ar; v. -a'ti6ore Cit: Po'i2e +e;t., et a'., No. @"2v"#%&&& E+. Md.), atta25ed 5ere as EK5ibit A. Here, as t5ere, t5e *nited States 1rges t5e Co1rt to ans4er bot5 o0 t5ose M1estions in t5e aHr6ative. 5tt;@//444.r20;.org/sites/de0a1't/G'es/do2s/%#$#$#A^$!I!^gar2ia.;d0So ,li' and t5e +O) Me6orand16 4ere a'' ;resent and a22o1nted 0or 45en P'ainti( a;;roa25ed t5e ven1e in 0a'', %#I.As s125, t5e 6e6o 4ritten b: +e0ense Co1nse'8s Mars5a'' +enne5e: bret5ren +ona'd Car6e'ite is o'd ne4s and no 'onger va'id, re'evant or on ;oint 45en 5e 2'ai6ed, in Mar25 %#@ ing ;1b'i2 oH2ia' 4it5 a 2a6era is t5e sa6e as sa:ing 5e does not 5ave a Constit1tiona' Rig5t to do t5e sa6e 4it5 a ;en and a note;ad.T5at ;ro;osition is o0 2o1rse 2o6;'ete': 1ntenab'e. As t5at Gnding 4o1'd be ;atent': *n2onstit1tiona' t5is Co1rt 61st a''o4 a'' C'ai6s to ;ro2eed to Tria'.&I3.+e0endants Parade o0 Horrib'es is a Co6;'ete': I6;'a1sib'e +e0ense.+e0endants 2r: at or aro1nd ;ara. %& t5at 45at i0 ever: 2itiQen 4o1'd start r1nning videos and as>ing M1estions o0 ;1b'i2 oH2ers, et2 et2R. T5is is ridi21'o1s. S1re': +e0endants 4o1'd 5ave to agree t5at ever: 2itiQen 2'ear': a'read: 5as t5e rig5t to ;oint a 2a6era at a ;1b'i2 oH2ia' on a side4a'> 0or eKa6;'e. -1t do 4e see s2ores o0 ;eo;'e des2ending 1;on t5e Re2order o0 +eeds or an: ot5er OH2e to s5oot ;1b'i2 oH2ia's be0ore or a0ter t5e: enter 4or>P Moreover, it is 'a401' to r1n video o0 Po'i2e oH2ers 45erever t5e: 6a: be, and ;o'ite': 2riti2iQe t5e6 in t5e T5ird Cir21itO see Mont-o%er& v. .illin-sworth, %#! *.S. +ist. .EDIS A!% E)an1ar: %%, %#!), and ,a&%on v. 2oro+-h of )ollin-dale, %#! *.S. +ist. .EDIS ?$#I E)1': A, %#!), s+pra. +oes t5at 6ean t5at ever: 2itiQen is going to start bo6barding ;o'i2e at ever: street 2orner or in t5eir sM1ad 2ars 4it5 2a6eras and M1estionsP.ast':, s1re': +e0endants 4o1'd agree in 6ost states t5at 6edia is a''o4ed in Co1rts Ea2t1a'': it is a''o4ed in +e'a4are too b: R1'e !!), b1t so6e5o4 t5ere8s never an: ;rob'e6 be2a1se o0 a t5ing t5e: 2a'' no4sbetter t5an to t5reaten to arrest P'ainti( 0or s5ooting in 5er *.S. Senate oH2es or an:45ere e'se 0or t5at 6atter. And o0 2o1rse, des;ite t5ose 6ani0est Rig5ts, t5ere 5asn8t eKa2t': been adebi'itating sta6;ede o0 2itiQen Fo1rna'ists Yo2>ing to Senator A:otte8s OH2esto r1n video. So t5at arg16ent 0ai's.In 0a2t, +e0endants 5ave a 5istor: o0 6o1nting insi;id arg16ents. To 4it, in tr:ing to stri>e P'ainti(8s R1'e !? Motion t5e: 2'ai6ed t5at t5e Motion 61st be Stri2>en as a tard: reM1est 0or rearg16ent be2a1se its;e2iG2a'': reM1ests t5e Co1rt Tre2onsider,T Trevie4,T T'oo> into,T Tiss1e a revised o;inion,T and Trevie4 its +e2ision in genera' . . . .T E+.I. _ ?$) +e0endants, as t5e: and t5e Co1rt are 4ont to do, e'i6inated :et anot5er >e:;5rase 0ro6 t5e Pro;osed OR+ER t5at reads@;P2$inti8 Motion $#e:%$te2+ #et$i2 the &e$on *h+ thi Co%&t ho%2# &e'oni#e& o& /o#i"+ the J%#7/ent ente&e# on J%ne HD! H41F. s:n E`ab) ET4it5T) and ono6a Ecbdef) ETna6eT).6odgig0:h6idjk0l/ verb. 6a>e ;artia' or 6inor 25anges to Eso6et5ing), t:;i2a'': so as to i6;rove it or to 6a>e it 'ess eKtre6e.Ts5e 6a: be ;re;ared to 6odi0: 5er vie4sTs:non:6s@ alter, 25ange, adF1st, ada;t, a6end, revise, res5a;e, re0as5ion, rest:'e, reva6;, re4or>, re6ode', reGneO More Ee6;5asis added) So t5at 4as :et anot5er 0e2>'ess atte6;t b: +e0endants to avoid'iabi'it:.75et5er t5is Co1rt a''o4s it or not, P'ainti( is t5oro1g5': satisGed 4it5 t5e Re2ord in t5is 2ase.3I.+e0endant Paradee is Not I;so 9a2to Entit'ed to +is6issa'.The De"en#$nt $n# Co%&t b'an>et ;rono1n2e6ent t5at +e0endant Paradee 2o1'd not ;ossib': be 'iab'e 1nder I% *.S.C. \?&$ is 'ega'': in2orre2t. T5e Co1rt8s 2itation to Pol' )o+nt& v. Dodson I!I *.S. $% E?&) in 1navai'ing be2a1se )1sti2e -'a2>6on dissented and t5ese 2'ai6s are ver: 0a2t s;e2iG2, b1t 4e 2annot >no4 t5e 0a2ts be2a1se +is2over: 4as tr1n2ated 4it5o1t +e;ositions and 4it5o1t +e0endants even ;roviding an: ans4er as to45at a1t5orit: t5e: be'ieved t5e: 5ad to den: P'ainti( t5e rig5t to r1n a 2a6era.-1t t5is is not s1r;rising t5at t5e Co1rt over'oo>ed it, seeing as t5e Co1rt so6e5o4 'ost 5is 3o'1ntar: +is6issa' o0 5is Tort 2'ai6s EP'ainti( noted t5at t5e do2>et entries are no4 6issing) and t5e Co1rt 5as a'so i6;ro;er': %&5e'd t5at R1'e !! did not a;;': to tria' 2o1rts. See)1ne %#! Ora' Arg16ent ETR.!"N, "%)?As P'ainti( 5as noted on ;rior o22asion 5e 4or>ed 0or Constit1tiona' S25o'ar Ed4ard .. ETed) Mearns ERIP) so 5e a'read: >ne4 t5at ;1r;orted': ;rivate ;arties 2o1'd be 0o1nd 'iab'e 1nder I% *.S.C. \?&$ so 5e is not 2ertain as to 5o4 t5e Co1rt 2o1'd over'oo> t5is 2r12ia' 0a2t o0 .a4.91rt5er, 2onsider t5e .earned Treatise o0 Pro0essor o0 .a4 )a2> M. -eer6an and Ri25ard .. God0re: 9a21't: Resear25 S25o'ar, -oston *niversit: S25oo' o0 .a4 in T75: do P'ainti(s S1e Private Parties *nder Se2tion \?&$ CardoQo .a4 Revie4 3. %N E#/?/%##!).CONC.*SION@ PROSPECTS 9OR S*CCESS IN SECTION ?&$ .ITIGATION AGAINST PRI3ATE +E9EN+ANTS T5e vo'16e o0 se2tion ?&$ 'itigation against ;rivate de0endants is s1bstantia' eno1g5 0or t5ere to 5ave been signiG2ant do2trina' deve'o;6ents in t5e area, 'arge': 2on2erning state a2tion and i661nities 0or ;rivate de0endants. Are t5e ;ros;e2ts 0or s122ess in s125 'itigation great eno1g5 to F1sti0: t5e vo'16e o0 'itigationP In genera', ;'ainti(s s5o1'd be 'ess 'i>e': to ;revai' in se2tion ?&$ 2ases against ;rivate de0endants t5an in 2ases against state oH2ia's be2a1se o0 t5e additiona' ;ossibi'it: o0 'osing d1e to a Gnding o0 no state a2tion or no a2tion 1nder 2o'or o0 'a4. In ;rivate entit: 2ases t5at do get ;ast t5e state a2tion/1nder 2o'or o0 'a4 51rd'e, t5e ;'ainti(8s ;ros;e2ts 0or s122ess s5o1'd 6irror 5is or 5er ;ros;e2ts in state oH2ia''itigation 1n'ess ot5er iss1es t1rn 1;A ;rivate a2tor 6a: a'so a2t 1nder 2o'or o0 state 'a4 1nder 2ertain 2ir216stan2es.9or eKa6;'e, it 5as been 5e'd t5at a ;5:si2ian 45o 2ontra2ts 4it5 t5e state to ;rovide 6edi2a' 2are to in6ates a2ts 1nder t5e 2o'or o0 state 'a4.See 7est v. At>ins, I&A *.S. I% E?&&)@Here is anot5er eKa6;'e, in W&att v. )ole !#I *.S. !& E??%)@I661nit: 0or ;rivate de0endants 4as not so Gr6': rooted in t5e 2o66on 'a4 and 4as not s1;;orted b: s125 strong ;o'i2: reasons as to 2reate an in0eren2e t5at Congress 6eant to in2or;orate it into \ ?&$. See, e. -., =wen v. )it& of *ndependence, II! *. S. N%%, N$A. Even i0 t5ere 4ere s1H2ient 2o66on 'a4 s1;;ort to 2on2'1de t5at ;rivate de0endants s5o1'd be entit'ed to a good 0ait5 and/or ;robab'e 2a1se de0ense to s1its 0or 1nF1stiGed 5ar6 arising o1t o0 t5e 6is1se o0 ? See 9n, s+pra.%?govern6enta' ;ro2esses, t5at 4o1'd sti'' not entit'e res;ondents to 45at t5e: obtained in t5e 2o1rts be'o4@ t5e t:;e o0 obFe2tive': deter6ined, i66ediate': a;;ea'ab'e, M1a'iGed i%%+nit& 0ro6 s1it a22orded govern6ent oH2ia's 1nder, e. -., 5arlow v. >it(-erald, I!A *.S. #, and Mitchell v. >ors&th, IA% *. S. !. 3II.T5e Cons;ira2: C'ai6s S1rvive +is6issa' as 4e''.9irst o0 a'', t5e +e0endants are a'' being s1ed individ1a'': and Paradee does not te25ni2a'': 4or> 0or Kent Co1nt: so 2ons;ira2: 2'ai6s s1rvive at t5is ;oint. Se2ond, t5e Cons;ira2: 2'ai6s 4ere 6irrored 0ro6 Po%&'cac( and P'ainti( >no4s t5e6 to be 2o66on in Pra2ti2e on 5is o4n a22ord. At 'east Po%&'ac( got 5er Motion to Co6;e' granted so s5e 2o1'd dis2over 45at t5e ;o'i2ies and s125 4ere,as o;;osed to P'ainti( in t5is 2ase. 3III. Con2'1sion.T5ere is a 45o'e Ne4 7or'd be:ond +e'a4are, 45et5er )1dge ,o1ng and t5e +e0endants a;;re2iate it or not. And it is P'ainti(8s )ob to eK;ose it, 45i25 5e 4i'' be doing 4it5 a'a2rit: in t5e 2o6ing da:s, 6ont5s and :ears. And in S16, T5o6as Paine is sti'' ro''ing in 5is grave, abated ever so s'ig5t': 4it5 t5e ;ro6ise t5at P'ainti( 4i'' stir so6e Co66on Sense into t5e +e'a4are7a:.## So6e45ere in eit5er t5eir Me6orand16 in O;;osition to R1'e !? Re'ie0 or in t5eir Motion 0or )1dg6ent on t5e P'eadings t5e +e0endants state a4a: no4, so 4e are 5eaded to SCOT*S 45i'e P'ainti( 2o66en2es 2'assroo6 dis21ssions abo1t t5is 2ase in Seatt'e and be:ond.$#Res;e2t01'': S1b6itted,PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPCHRISTOPHER KING! J.D.>ing2ast?!!mi2'o1d.2o66ortgage6ovies##Amg6ai'.2o65tt;@//a(ordab'evideode;o.2o65tt;@//6ortgage6ovies.b'ogs;ot.2o6NA.!I$.&!6%#N.%??.?$$$0$CERTI9ICATE O9 SER3ICEI, t5e 1ndersigned, s4ear t5at a tr1e and a221rate Co1rtes: 2o;: o0t5is do216ent 4as sent via e6ai' and via Tra2>ed *.S. Mai' to@)ose;5 S2ott S5annon, EsM.Art C. Arni''a, EsM.%%# Nort5 Mar>et Street!t5 9'oorP.O. -oK &&&&7i'6ington, +E ?&??"&&&&and to@)o5n A. E'Q10on, EsM.Peter M2Givne:, EsM.$## +e'a4are Aven1e,S1ite A##P.O. -oK N$# 7i'6ington, +E ?&??T5is %t5 +a: o0 A1g1st, %#!^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^CHRISTOPHER KING, ).+.$%APPENDIL A$$$IA$!$N$AAPPENDIL Khttp,--***.+o%t%)e.'o/-*$t'h0(1&23tS4W5R'65tt;s@//444.:o1t1be.2o6/4at25Pv[F.S#N^5H"22Here one o0 5er 2onstit1ents said t5at A:otte