KINGDOM MONERA
100,000++ spp
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10,000 billion bacteria cells
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Bacterial Cell Structure
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STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA
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Thousand times bigger than a virus
Unicellular [living] Cell is simpler than other living organisms Can carry out all the functions of living organisms
STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA
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Rigid cell wall made of polysaccharides and amino acids [protection]
Plasma membrane Serves as a
mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum and sometimes a chloroplast
Controls entry and exit of substances
STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA
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Prokaryotes Do not have a true nucleus No nuclear membrane DNA is combined with histone ( a
protein) as in eukaryotes
Single chromosome consists of a closed loop
Many have a waxy capsule for protection Especially disease causing bacteria
Some have flagella for locomotion
STRUCTURE OF A BACTERIAL CELLChromosome
Pilus (fimbria)
Ribosome
Storage granule
FlagellumCapsule or Slime layer
Cell Wall
Plasma Membrane
CytoplasmPlasmid
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SHAPES OF BACTERIA
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Spherical : cocci
Rod shaped: bacilli
Spiral shaped: spiralla
Comma shaped: vibrios
MAKE NOTE
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Shapes of Bacteria
Coccus Chain = Streptoccus Cluster = Staphylococcus
Bacillus Chain = Streptobacillus
Coccobacillus Vibrio = curved Spirillum Spirochete Square Star
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A BACTERIAL DISEASE
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TUBERCULOSIS
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CHRONIC BACTERIAL INFECTION AFFECTS ALL ORGANS OF THE BODY MAINLY THE LUNGS
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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CAUSED BY: TB bacillus Covered with a waxy coat
Protection from drying out Heat Bodies immune system
Can remain alive for a long time
Can survive in dust particles
CHARACTERISTICS
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Bacteria are the oldest and most abundant organisms living on the Earth.
Thrive in a variety of environments Bacteria are mostly useful but can
cause diseases Can only be seen under a microscope Thousand times bigger than a virus Occur in diverse shapes and types
MORE CHARACTERISTICS
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The DNA of bacteria is made of a single chromosome.
In favourable conditions bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission
In unfavourable conditions (high temperatures, dryness) bacteria form spores with a thick protective coat
SIZE OF BACTERIA Unit for measurement :
Micron or micrometer,μm: 1μm = 10 -3 mm Size:
Varies with kinds of bacteria, and also related to their age and external environment.
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Cocci: sphere, 1μm Bacilli: rods , 0.5-1 μm in width -3 μm in length Spiral bacteria: 1~3 μm in length and 0.3-0.6 μm in width
BINARY FISSION
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FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS Rapid [once every 20 minutes] Split into two [binary fission] DNA duplicates itself Cytoplasm is divided by the cell wall growing
inwards Each of the new cells contains the same genetic
information as the parent cell Ideal conditions = warmth, moisture, food,
oxygen, lack of toxins and correct pH
Binary Fission
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Rapid Generation Times
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1cell to 2 million cells in 7 hours!
Only a build up of waste or depletion of food will stop growth
REPRODUCTION UNDER UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS
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From a thick protective coat around themselves = spore
Bacterium becomes dormant inside the spore Can withstand unfavourable conditions e.g.
dryness, high temperatures Spore splits open when conditions become
better to release the bacterium Followed by normal rapid binary fission
HOW SERIOUS
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1993 world health organisation proclaimed the tuberculosis pandemic was a global emergency
Pandemic = global epidemic with the possibility of all people benig affected
2002 highest mortality rate was in africa
HOW IS TB SPREAD
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Spread in moisture droplets From an infected to an uninfected person TB bacillis is spread through the air when an
infected people cough, sneeze, talk or spit Uninfected person breathes in the moisture
droplets containing the bacillus Bacilli multiply in their air sacs
AFTER INFECTION
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STRONG IMMUNE SYSTEM Infection is contained walled off in a fibrous
capsule Lie dormant for years No symptoms
WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM Bacilli multiply Individual gets ill with pulmonary TB
EFFECTS OF TB [SYMPTOMS]
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Individual does not feel well Persistent cough [coughing up blood] Weight loss Fevers Night sweats Tired and weak
• Patient could lose earnings while ill• Stigma attached to this disease• Untreated it is easily spread
MANAGEMENT BY PERSON
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TB can be cured Treated with an aggressive antibiotic regime called
DOTS Directly Observed Therapy, Short Course Patients are carefully monitored to make sure that
they take their full course of antibiotics Watched as they swallow the tablets! Lasts for six months They will not be able to infect others within days of
starting treatment
MANAGEMENT OF TB BY SOCIETY
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PREVENT THE SPREAD OF TB Screen people at risk Treat infected patients quickly Solve overcrowding and malnutrition
SUPPLY GOOD QUALITY INFORMATION Eg healthy diets + ways to decrease spreading TB
PROVIDE WELL EDUCTAED HEALTH CARE WORKERS Persuade patients to take drugs
IMMUNISATION AGAINST TB BCG vaccine given soon after birth
PROBLEM:MUTI- DRUG RESISTANT TB
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Many patients stop taking the medication once they start feeling better
TB bacillus then develops resistance to the drugs the next time they are ill with TB and on treatment again
Called multi- drug resistant TB
PREVENTION
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Most children are immunised against TB soon after birth with the BCG vaccine
Repeated once or twice before going to school Poverty and the underlying social problems of
overcrowding and malnutrition need to be addressed:
Overcrowding increases the chance of the TB bacillus spreading
Malnutrition weakens the immune system
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIV AND TB
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HIV weakens the immune system HIV positive people infected with TB are very
likely to become sick TB is the leading cause of death among
people who are HIV-positive
IN AFRICA, HIV IS THE MAIN REASON WHY THE INCIDENCE OF TB HAS INCREASED OVER THE LAST 10 YEARS
Good Bacteria
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Food production (cheeses , yogurt , alcohol , etc)
Making medicines (insulin) Recycling
Bad Bacteria
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Are pathogenic (cause disease) Most are parasitic which cause infections. Antibiotics are used to treat these infections.
An antibiotic is a chemical agent produced by one organism that is harmful to another organism.
One of the most popular antibiotics is Penicillin which comes from a fungus. It destroys the bacteria’s cell wall & therefore causes the cell membrane to break up due to the hypotonic environment.
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