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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Lecture 4 Conceptual System Design & Introduction to
Functional Allocation ISE 222 Spring 2005
Notes & Course Materials www.engr.sjsu.edu/kcorker
[email protected] Corker
San Jose State University
2/10/05
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Agenda
• Review System ID Scope and Bound Process
• Complete the IDEF and action based costing
• Preliminary Design Review Process• Introduction to Human Factors • Review Homework (with individuals and
teams)
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Identification of Need
• Gap • New Techniques• New System Requirements added • System Requirements Change Priority • Political Views Shift • …
• Involve the customer– unless the customer has changed as well
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
System Definition Matrix:National Identity Confirmation Process
Needs Objt Criteria Params Var Constrnt
Scope Bound
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
National Identity Confirmation ProcessNeeds
• Ability to determine the identity of individuals in this country– quickly – at any place or time – to assure accuracy of identity information – to assure privacy and security of individual’s
identity
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
National Identity Confirmation ProcessObjectives
• To institute a national identification process– Portable and reliable
• To provide appropriate authorities with information:
• Name• Address• Visa/citizenship status• Criminal Information • Health Information • Contact and NOK (next of
kin) Information • Tracking??? • …
• Able to be carried on or in person– whgt,< 4 oz– Volume < 2 cubic centimeters
• Able to be accessed by pedestrian, automotive, or desk based systems
• Able to link to national information sources– Wireless access range– Access queue management– Bandwidth
Criteria
Paramete
rs
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
To provide appropriate authorities with information:
Objectives• Easy access
– Time to access– Encumbrance fro access– Voluntary or not access process– Validation of data…
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
National Identity Confirmation ProcessObjectives
• To secure ID from tampering or duplication
• To secure ID from un authorized access
• To keep all information current
• Sealed no remote access
• Access limited • Update Rate
compatible with National Standards– Update per week??
Criteria
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Alternatives
• A1: Hand carried ID with federal specification and on board storage
• A2: Bio-referenced ID for identity with link to data store for other information
• A3: Implanted RF-ID with data on board and with link to data store for other information
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
DIRECTIO N O F IM PRO VEM ENT
PLAN NIN G M ATRIXTEC HNICALREQ U IREM EN TS
CU STO M ERREQ U IREM EN TS
TEC HNICAL PR IO RITIES
PER C ENTAG E O F TO TAL
DESIG N TARG ETS
O ur P roduct
Com petitor A 's P roduct
Com petitor B 's P roduct
Key to roof / corre lationm atrix sym bols+ Positive / Supporting- Negative / Tradeoff
S trong in terre lationship
M edium interre ltionship
W eak interre lationship
Key to in terre lationship m atrix sym bols
Tota l (100% )
Lightweight
Sec
ure
Accessible for mods
All
Env
iron
acc
ess
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Authorities
Public
Privacy
Security
Accuracy
Convenience
Access Ease
Info Density
Info currency
Wir
eles
s D
ata
Bas
e
Ful
l Cro
ss I
ndex
Asy
nchr
onou
s &
C
onst
ant U
pdat
e
Impl
ante
d
Han
d H
eld
Bio
-ID
Priority
1
1
2
3
112
1
3
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Functional Analysis and Allocation
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Action Reference Framework
• To (do something) to (something) somehow
• Action , object, modifier – Used to describe a process
Functional Decomposition is to develop a description of what the system must do – not necessarily tied to how the system must do it.
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Functional Flow Block Diagram
Action/Task
Action/Task
Action/Task
Action/Task
Action/Task
Boolean Operator
Action/Task
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Hierarchic Structure for Decomposition
• Sub Functions operate on input/output consistent with the higher levels of the hierarchy
• Models the flow of data or objects in a system
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
ICOM
Activity
Mechanism
Inputs
Control
Outputs
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Method of Analysis
• Shows roles of information and materials with respect to activity
• Each ICOM represents an activity or business step that can be broken down
• Inputs: information/material used to produce activity output
• Controls: Constraints on an activity• Mechanisms: That perform processing or provide
energy to the activity (people or machines as mechanisms)
• Output: The product of the activity
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Context Diagram
Activity
Mechanism
Inputs
Control
Outputs
A0 : Purpose : Viewpoint
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Sight & Designate
Target
Select & Prepare
Ordinance
Deliver
Ordinance
Access
Damage
Expected Result
Target OOB Procedures Procedures
Captain Gunner Gunner Captain Automation Automation
orders
Ordinance Inventory
Guidance Equip
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Steps in Functional Decomposition
1. Develop Context Diagram of Full System2. Decompose System to Sub-elements (ICOMS for all) 3. Define Business Rule/Model
• AS-Is the descriptive scenario• To-Be the future business or process model
4. Cost Analysis1. Analysis of activities, 2. Gather costs, 3. Trace costs to activities, 4. Establish output measures, 5. Analyze costs
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Provision Aircraft Primary Secondary Input costs Output Measures
Propulsion Jet Fuel ® Fueltrck ops ® (150,000) (10,000)
Passenger-revenue miles (80*800)/1000
Fire control (1,000)
Life support Oxy, meds, safety equip ®
Flight attend training ® (10,000)(2,000)
Certification freq
Inspection ® (1,000) Certification freq
Safety Instructions ® Production/distribution ® (500) Certification freq
Lights, belts , etc (®
Installation/maintenance ® (500) Certification freq
Quality of trip Food (d) Preparation ® (5,000) Meals produced/ meals consumed
Storage ® (5,000)
Heating/Cooling Galley® (5,000)
Distribution ® (2,000)
Blankets/pillows (d)
(100) Passenger requests
In-flight entertainment (d)
(250) Hours of use
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Cost %
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Prop Life Support Safety Quality
Cost %
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
cumm percentage
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
Prop Life Support Safety Quality
Series1
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Steps/Perspectives for System EngineeringAnalysis
• System Analysis – Identification of the impacts and consequences
of alternative approaches to system solution– Identification of the quality, market, reliability,
cost, effectiveness, benefits, longevity, aesthetics… of alternative system solutions
• Iterative Refinement of Alternatives– Sensitivity Analysis and Parameter
Identification
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Supportability
• Inherent Characteristics of system design & installation that enable efficient maintenance and support of the system
• Prime Elements:– Design Reliability Quality and Maintenance
• Maintenance Infrastructure– Maintenance – Training– Supply chain support – Equipment – Packaging – Faculties– Technical Data
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Preliminary Design Review (due 2/17)
• Identify design & alternatives (at least 2) – for functional capability – support reliability – allow for maintainability– Usability & safety – Support for service
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Human Factors Introduction
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Systems Engineering Approach to HCI
FeaturesAutomation
Organization Roles & ResponsibilitiesTrainingCommunication Capabilities
Tasks Allocation Feedback
Temp NoiseIllumination
Modulating Variables
Perception Cognition Response
TimeInfo
Controls
Effectors
Displays
Performance Requirements Performance Limitations
Performance Capabilities
Performance Affordances
Environment Operator Machine/System
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Motor Behavior Theory for Guidance in Design and Selection of Input Devices
• Purpose to match a physical output on the part of a user to a signal that is recognizable by a system.
• Bandwidth: range of expression • Dynamics: speed of response• Dimensionality: physical and temporal relations that the input
device can support • Affordance: appropriate and expected response: in use and in
feedback – E.g. button click or highlight changes in isotonic devices
• Discrete entry devices and Continuous entry devices• Physical limits:
• Ergonomic consideration • Environmental impacts: vibration, clothing restrictions, noise and
etc. • Physical Measurement, information theory and neuromotor accuracy
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Human Performance Models
• What are they? • Expressions of relationships that either describe
(descriptive) or predict (normative) human behavior across a range of environments or contexts
• Specifics: • Perceptual Models, Information Processing
Models, Motor Behavior Models, Decision Models, Framework Models, Unified Models….
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Percept: 100 msec
Working Memory
200 ms 1500
7-17 letters 5 letters
LTM
70 ms
Motor Response
70 msec
Cognate
70 msec /cycle
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
INFORMATION MEASUREMENT
• Information : property of messages and data or other evidence that reduces one’s uncertainty about the true state of the world.
• Let x represent a hypothesis about the state of the world
• Let y represent the observation that has a relation to x• I(x:y) is the relation of the observation to the state of the world
• I(x:y) should be a function of the prior probability of x before y is observed and the posterior probability of x after y was observed: F[ p(x), p(x|y)]
= log2 P(x|y)/p(x)
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Information Qualification
Input
Loss
Noise
Output
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Information Qualification
Input
Loss
Noise
Output
H(x)
H
T(x,y) H(y)
What Effect does redundancy have on total information transmission?
C (bits/sec) = bandwidth log2 (signal/noise+1)
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
H(x) H(x|y)
H(y|x)
H(y)
H(x) = pi log2 pi
For equi-probable events
H(x) = p(xi)[ log2(1/p(xi))]
For differently probable events
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Bits 1 2 2.58 3
Reaction Time
RT = a + b H(x)
where H(x) = log2(n)
.2 sec
.4 sec
.6 sec
.8 sec
Hick’s Law
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Fitts LawMovement Time = a+b(Id)
Id = log2 [2*amplitude/(tolerance)]
Id 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Movement
time
.2
.4
.6
.8