Download - knowledge for ecosystem based management
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@DickeyCollas
Providing the knowledge forecosystem based management.
Mark Dickey-Collas
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Names & definitions
Inspired by Jason Link
EM
IEAIM
IOM
MSP
CMSP
CZM
EBFM
EBM
EAM
EAFM
EA
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Balancing humanactivities & environmentalstewardship in a multiple use context
Pragmatic Ecosystem Based Management
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Knowledge a familiarity, awareness or understanding
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Assessment of everything? Understand everything?
Reality - assessment of priorities
Adrian Judd, OSPAR Intersessional Correspondence Group Cumulative Effects Assessment
Adapted from Voss & Schmidt
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Applied science - wicked problems
Rittel & Webber 1973, Churchman 1976
Super wicked problems
1. Time is running out2. No central authority3. Those seeking to solve the
problem are also causing it4. Policies discount the future
irrationally
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Why use ecosystem approach?
• Political need – international and national commitments• Operational benefits - trade-offs explicit, ownership of
process, spectrum of approaches able to adapt to complex challenges
Image: ICES
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Higher order objectives for the marine system?
Icelandon route: Preservation of ecosystems & sustainable exploitation of resources
NorwayGood ecosystem health & sustainable use Regional MPs
EUGood EnvironmentalStatus, MSFD
CanadaNone
USANo butmany mandates Foran et al 2016
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Envisioning objectives
Trenkel et al. 2015. Identifying marine pelagic ecosystem management objectives and indicators.
Partnership: fishing industry, scientists, eNGOs, policy developers
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Trade offs & objectives – conservation & resource management
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Conceptual model of the Pacific herring social–ecological system.
Levin et al 2016. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ehs2.1213/full#ehs21213-fig-0001
Just and safeoperating space
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Scoping stakeholders
The clearer the scope, the better the outcome
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Voinov et al. 2016
Adaptive & revisiting
Co-production of knowledge
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How best to provide knowledge to reach/reconcile objectives?
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I’ve got a tool, and I’m going to use it!
What’s the question?
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Are we geared up to address applied questions?
Impossible to achieve realism, precision, and generality in one model.
Model creation requires trade-off of one of these, often conflicts with the desire of end-users.
Models are often employed without consideration of their limitations, e.g. projecting into unknown space without generalism, or fitting empirical models and inferring causality.
Dickey-Collas et al. 2014. Hazard warning: model misuse ahead.
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Veracity of evidence
Mixing evidence of differing integrity, sources & certainty
MORE THAN
Uusitalo et al. 2016. Exploring methods for predicting multiple pressures on ecosystem recovery.
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Knowledge creation
Framework for interdisciplinary & transdisciplinary co-creation of the knowledge castle
Mauser et al. 2013
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Engaging with society
Resource greedy &
messy
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Society sets objectives…
Rice 2011
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EU marine strategy framework directive
Images: EU & ICES
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Indicators for management
Miloslavich, et al., GOOS Biol EOV http://ioc-goos.org/biology
Strong causal links between human activity creating pressures & changes in ecosystem state
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DPSIR / APSR
Gimpel et al., 2013; Knights et al., 2013Greenstreet et al., 2009; Reiss et al., 2010
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Setting reference points
Pressure indicatorStat
e in
dica
tor
good
bad0 high
maximum
?
other information needed to define acceptable pressure→metric
max change of slope
unsuitable indicator
From Trenkel et al., and similar to Samhouri et al 2010
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Not always so clear …
Policy objective set but:
1. insufficient evidence to define targets & formal state assessment
2. links to anthropogenic pressures are either weak or not sufficiently
understood to underpin specific management advice
Shephard et al 2015
Photo: Icelandic Wilderness
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Survelliance indicators
Shephard et al. 2015. Surveillance indicators and their use in implementation of the MSFD
take actioncheck pressuresreview knowledge
take actioncheck pressuresreview knowledge
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Priorities for EBFM, list of 26
Science Literature Fishing industry
1 Consider Ecosystem Connections Sustainability
2 Appropriate Spatial & Temporal Scales Develop Long -Term Objectives
3 Adaptive Management Stakeholder Involvement
4 Use of Scientific Knowledge Use of All Forms of Knowledge
5 Stakeholder Involvement Use of Incentives
6 Integrated Management Consider Economic Context
7 Sustainability Acknowledge Uncertainty
Long et al. 2016. Key principles of ecosystem-based management: Fishers perspective
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Researchers are people too
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Bounded rationality in decision making
rationality of individuals is limited by information they have, cognitive limitations of their minds, & finite amount oftime they have to make a decision.
Image: tellthemisaidsomething.com/2013/
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Reconciling objectivesNatural scientists nearly always suggest to use weighting
Dynamics of power & locations of decision making
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What is ICES?
• Intergovernmental science organization• 20 countries collaborating to improve
marine science• Network of over 4000 active research
scientists• North Atlantic focus
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ICES provides the knowledge/evidence for decision making.
“information, knowledge, and advice on the sustainable management of human activities affecting, and affected by, marine ecosystems.”
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Building knowledge for advice
InformationICES data centre
UnderstandingICES science
Advice for managementICES advice
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Application of evidence base
Consequences of catching fish on its own stock &management targets
Impacts of fishing on ecosystem,descriptions and targets
Consideration of priority pressureson ecosystem structure & function and consequences for societyICES Advice
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CATC
H OP
PORT
UNIT
IES
Eastern Baltic cod
recr
uitm
ent c
hang
es
North East Atlantic mackerel
↘weight, ↗ maturity
North Sea herring productivity
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FISH
ERIE
S OV
ERVI
EWS
Worm et al 2009
Conservation & fisheries objectives
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FISH
ERIE
S OV
ERVI
EWS Conservation & fisheries objectives
bycatch mixed fisheries
fleet descriptions ecosystem impacts
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ECOS
YSTE
M O
VERV
IEW
http://www.ices.dk/community/advisory-process/Pages/Ecosystem-overviews.aspx
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Workshop January 2016Explored strengths & weaknesses of recent implementation of Ecosystem Based Management, focused on challengesfor cross sectoral approaches.
Marshak et al. 2016. International perceptions of an integrated, multi-sectoral EAM.
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Ingredients for success in EBM
• Develop frameworks for implementation • Acknowledge power of/ownership between sectors • Trade-offs • Use whatever governance mandate exist • Find a honest champion• Use momentum but temper expectations
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8 tenets for scientists, policy-makers, and managers (i) engage with players early, often, and continually;
(ii) conduct rigorous human dimensions research;
(iii) recognize the importance of transparently selecting indicators;
(iv) set ecosystem targets to create a system of EBM accountability;
(v) establish a formal mechanism(s) for the review of IEA science;
(vi) serve current management needs, but not at the expense of more integrative ocean management;
(vii) provide a venue for EBM decision-making that takes full advantage of IEA products;
(viii) embrace realistic expectations about IEA science and its implementation.
Photo: Icelandic Wilderness
Samhouri et al 2014
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For EBM, how we develop & provide the knowledge is as important as the knowledge itself.
As they leave the science closet, knowledge brokers need to be aware &empathetic to the arena they are entering.
Providing the knowledge for ecosystem based management
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Thank you!
Picture: Icelandic Wilderness