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KNR 352: Quantitative Analysis in Biomechanics
Dr. Steve McCaw
227B
438-3804
www.castonline.ilstu.edu/mccaw
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Topics• Basic Operations required
• Dealing with vectors• Review from 282 (Basic Biomechanics)
• Kinematics• Calculations of basic quantities
• Displacement, velocity, acceleration
• Kinetics• Calculations
• GRF, CofP, JMF
• Energetics• Calculations
• Power, Work
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Performance Injury
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TASK
Performance Injury
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Task Factors
• Basic Skill• Walking • Jumping
• Take off & Landing• Running
• Take off & Landing• What joint actions are occurring?• What muscles are active?• What are the risks?
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Task Factors
• Basic Skill• Complex Task
• Throw• Assembly Task• Curl up• Hitting a baseball• What joint actions are occurring?• What muscles are active?• What are the risks?
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TASK
Performance Injury
Environment
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Environmental Factors
• Weather/field/floor conditions• Friction====>stability, tissue loads
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Environmental Factors
• Weather/field/floor conditions• Gravity
• space travel & platforms
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Environmental Factors
• Weather/field/floor conditions• Gravity• Open/closed task
• dynamic vs. static environment
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Environmental Factors
• Weather/field/floor conditions• Gravity• Open/closed task• Rules on the game/of the job
• # of players• field dimensions
• workplace layout• temporal constraints
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TASK
Performance Injury
EnvironmentIndividual
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Individual Factors
• Cognitive ability
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Individual Factors
• Cognitive ability• Anthropometrics
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Individual Factors
• Cognitive ability• Anthropometrics• Psychological state
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Individual Factors
• Cognitive ability• Anthropometrics• Psychological state• Fitness & Health• Skill level
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TASK
Performance Injury
EnvironmentIndividual
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TASK
Performance Injury
EnvironmentIndividual
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TASK
Performance Injury
EnvironmentIndividual
Modulated by force: described by mechanics
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Every structure that participates in the movement of the body does so according to physical and physiological principles.
Hamilton & Luttgens, Kinesiology: Scientific basis of Human Motion, 10th edition.
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Mechanicsinfluence of force on bodies
• Biomechanics: force on biological organisms• biomechanics of fluids
• circulation (lung, blood, artery)
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Mechanicsinfluence of force on bodies
• Biomechanics: force on biological organisms• biomechanics of fluids• biomechanics of deformable solids
• bones, ligaments, tendons
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Mechanicsinfluence of force on bodies
• Biomechanics: force on biological organisms• biomechanics of fluids• biomechanics of deformable solids• biomechanics of rigid bodies
• body as “rigid links” at “frictionless hinges”
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StaticsN o a cc le ra tio n P re se n t
Kinem aticsm o tio n p a tte rn s / m o tio n d e sc rip tio n s
Kineticss tu d y o f fo rce s ca u s in g m o tio n
Dynam icsA cce le ra tio n P re se n t
RigidBodies
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Mechanics
• Kinematics• description of pattern of motion
• how far• how fast• how consistent
• Kinetics
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Mechanics
• Kinematics• description of pattern of motion
• how far• how fast• how consistent
• temporal aspects• durations• sequencing
• Kinetics
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Mechanics
• Kinematics• description of pattern of motion
• how far• how fast• how consistent
• temporal aspects• durations• sequencing
• Kinetics• study of forces that cause motion
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Mechanics
• Kinematics• description of pattern of motion
• how far• how fast• how consistent
• temporal aspects• durations• sequencing
• Kinetics• study of forces that cause motion
• magnitude• direction• line of action• point of application
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F = m a
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F = m aForce CAUSES acceleration
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F = m aForce CAUSES accelerationForce CAUSES injury
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Fundamental Concepts for Biomechanical Analysis
• Units of Measure: ISU (International system of Units, ie the Metric System)
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Fundamental Concepts for Biomechanical Analysis
• Units of Measure: ISU (International system of Units, ie the Metric System)
• Base Units• length: meter (m)• mass: gram (g)• time: second (s)
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Motion
• Change in position of a body with respect to time
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Motion
• Change in position of a body with respect to time• quantify POSITION
• location in 3D space: P• three reference axes: X, Y, Z
• Cartesian system: axes at 90o
(orthogonal)
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ISB Convention: 2D
X
Y
0,0
Progression
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ISB Convention: 3D
X
Y
0,0,0
Z
Vertical
Medio-Lateral
Anterior-Posterior
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Scalars and Vectors
• Scalar quantity• described by magnitude alone
• mass• volume• distance• speed
• Vector quantity• requires description of magnitude and direction
• force• momentum• impulse• displacement• velocity• acceleration
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Parallelogram Law forAddition of Vectors
• Sum of two vectors (resultant, R) equals the diagonal of the parallelogram with sides equal to the two vectors.• Draw on board, tail to tail• Triangle Rule: tip to tail
• commutative: R = A + B = B + A
• Polygon Rule: extends to 3 or more vectors
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Review: Basic Trigonometry
• Right angle Triangle• naming conventions
• Pythagorean Theorem• Trig functions
• Sine, Cosine, Tangent (slope)
• Inverse Tangent
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Coordinate Systems• Rectangular or Cartesian Coordinate System
• P = Px + Py
• Polar coordinate system• P = r and Ө
• Polar to rectangular • (use SOH and CAH)
• Rectangular to Polar• use Pythagorean Thereom and arctan
Examples: P to R: 270 N @ 23 degrees R to P: Fv= 1300 N & FA/P = 100 N
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Adding Force (vectors) by Summing Components
• Force: magnitude & direction need to be calculated
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Adding Force (vectors) by Summing Components
• Force 1 = 50 N at -45 degrees• Force 2 = 30 N at 90 degrees
Solve for Resultant
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Adding Force (vectors) by Summing Components
• Force 1 = 50 N at -45 degrees• Force 2 = 30 N at 90 degrees• Force 3 = 75 N at 28 degrees• Force 4 = 15 N horizontal & 13 N vertical
Solve for Resultant
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New & Useful Information
•Radian – the angle created by the arc on a circle with the length of the radius of the circle (~ 57.3 degrees)
Arc length = 1 radius
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Calculate the resultant force from Coracobrachialis and Pectoralis Major
Coracobrachialis = 1200 N, PM = 1700 N
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Effect of tension development on angle of muscle insertion and muscle activation level.
Given: Muscle force = 90 N /cm2 x-sectional areaX-sectional area = 4 cm2
Muscle Ө relaxed = 50°Muscle Ө active = 85°Required: 150 N force along tendonCalculate: Percentage of max muscle force developed to produce the 150 N of force.
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Additional Problems
Available from web
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Motion
• Change in position of a body with respect to time• quantify POSITION• quantify TIME
Motion-capture systems
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Motion Capture
• Pre 1985: Film• RedLake Locam: 500 fps• ~ $125 roll (film + developing)• Working in the “dark”
• Record• Send for processing• Hope it all turns out ok.
• All black, badly focused, missed critical event • Manual Digitizing
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Motion Capture
• Pre 1985: Film• Post 1985: High speed video
• Immediate feedback• Easy to adjust• Reduced cost (once system paid for)• Auto Digitizing Available
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Example Video
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Example Video
Reflective Markers
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Motion Capture
• Pre 1985: Film• Post 1985: High speed video • Post 1990: Active Marker Systems
• No visible recording of performer• Tracks x,y coordinates of markers only• FAST.• $$$$
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Principles of Recording
1. Maximize image size within field of view. Field of view: rectangular area recorded
Field Height
Field Width
Field Depth
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Photographic Dimensions
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Principles of Recording
1. Maximize image size within field of view. Optimize calibrated volume.
Volume: Height x Width x Depth.
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Principles of Recording
1. Optimize calibrated volume
2. Ensure always within field of view
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Principles of Recording
1. Optimize calibrated volume
2. Ensure always within field of view Stay within calibrated volume
1. Landing
2. Run
3. Jump
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Principles of Recording
1. Optimize calibrated volume
2. Stay within calibrated volume
3. Ensure adequate pre and post recordingTorry’s 16 mm thesis recording
1. Landing: air time, post max knee (max extension)
2. Lifting (bench & squat): before descent, post ascent
Video Tapes are Cheap
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Principles of Recording
1. Optimize calibrated volume
2. Stay within calibrated volume
3. Ensure adequate pre and post recordingTorry’s 16 mm thesis recording Capture
adequate pre-initial and post-final activity1. Landing: air time, post max knee (max extension)
2. Lifting (bench & squat): before descent, post ascent
Server space is Cheap
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Principles of Recording
1. Optimize calibrated volume
2. Stay within calibrated volume
3. Ensure adequate pre and post recording Capture adequate pre-initial and post-final activityImportant for video processing
1. Smoothing process
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Principles of Recording
1. Optimize calibrated volume
2. Stay within calibrated volume
3. Capture adequate pre-initial and post-final activity
4. Use as slow a video speed as feasible• Standard video: 30 frames per second• High speed: 60, 120 2000 fpsLo speed = Improved quality of recordingHi speed = capture more frames of activity
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Principles of Recording
1. Optimize calibrated volume
2. Stay within calibrated volume
3. Capture adequate pre-initial and post-final activity
4. Use as slow a video speed as feasible Set at 200 fps.
Ensure an even multiple of EMG or GRF (??)
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Principles of Recording
1. Optimize calibrated volume
2. Stay within calibrated volume
3. Capture adequate pre-initial and post-final activity
4. Set at 200 fps.
5. Make shutter speed as short as possibleToo short: not enough light
Too long: “comets” rather than round markers
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Principles of Recording
1. Optimize calibrated volume
2. Stay within calibrated volume
3. Capture adequate pre-initial and post-final activity
4. Set at 200 fps.
5. Make shutter speed as short as possibleToo short: not enough light
Too long: “comets” rather than round markers
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Principles of Recording
1. Optimize calibrated volume
2. Stay within calibrated volume
3. Capture adequate pre-initial and post-final activity
4. Set at 200 fps.
5. Make shutter speed as short as possible
6. Depth of field1. Is 2D an appropriate assumption?
2. ISU Lab: record 3D even if 2D is of interest
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Principles of Recording
1. Optimize calibrated volume
2. Stay within calibrated volume
3. Capture adequate pre-initial and post-final activity
4. Set at 200 fps.
5. Make shutter speed as short as possible
6. Depth of field1. Is 2D an appropriate assumption?
2. ISU Lab: record 3D even if 2D is of interest
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Principles of Recording
1. Optimize calibrated volume
2. Stay within calibrated volume
3. Capture adequate pre-initial and post-final activity
4. Set at 200 fps.
Pilot Test
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Calibration
• Real Life recorded on Video• Scale video dimensions to real life
• 2D: set up camera, record known length in plane of action• Perpendicular alignment is critical• Scaling factor
• Digitize recording of ruler• Sf = actual length (m) / digitized length (arbitrary units)
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Calibration
• Real Life recorded on Video• Scale video dimensions to real life
• 2D: set up camera, record known length in plane of action
• 3D: set up cameras, record calibration Wand and calibration triangle on Force Platform.
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Marker Selection• Where to put the
reflective markers?• What are you
measuring? • Segments & joints
of interest• Lower Body?• Upper Body?• Trunk?
Stick figure of landing in sagittal plane
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Marker Selection• Where to put the
reflective markers?• What are you
measuring? • Segments & joints
of interest• Lower Body?• Upper Body?• Trunk?
Stick figure of landing in sagittal plane
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Marker Selection
• Where to put the reflective markers?• What are you
looking at? • Landmarks defining
segment endpoints
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Marker Selection
• Where to put the reflective markers?• What are you
looking at? • Landmarks defining
segment endpoints
ISU Lab• All landings on force platform• Spatially synchronized within
calibration grid• No need for markers on floor
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Motion
• Change in position of a body with respect to time• quantify POSITION• quantify TIME
Linear Motion: translation rectilinear curvilnear
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Motion
• Change in position of a body with respect to time• quantify POSITION• quantify TIME
Linear Motion: translation rectilinear: straight line curvilnear: curved line (parabolic)
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Motion
• Change in position of a body with respect to time• quantify POSITION• quantify TIME
Linear MotionAngular Motion: rotation
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Motion
• Change in position of a body with respect to time• quantify POSITION• quantify TIME
Linear MotionAngular Motion
General motion
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Motion
• Change in position of a body with respect to time• quantify POSITION: from motion tracker• quantify TIME ?
Linear MotionAngular Motion
General motion
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Time in Video Analysis
• 200 images per second• 1 second / 200 frames = 0.005 seconds
between frames
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Motion
• Position: location in space• Displacement (distance)
• change of position
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Motion
• Position: location in space• Displacement (distance)
• change of position
• Velocity (speed)• change of position with respect to time
• This is motion
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Motion
• Position: location in space• Displacement (distance)
• change of position• Velocity (speed)
• change of position with respect to time• This is motion
• Acceleration• change of velocity = change of motion
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Force
• Push or pull exerted by one body on another body that causes or tends to cause a change in motion of each body
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Force
• Push or pull exerted by one body on another body that causes or tends to cause a change in motion of each body
• a derived unit in mechanics• body: mass• change in motion: acceleration
• new location in space and time
1 newton = 1 N = 1 kg • m / s / s
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Mass
• Quantifies linear inertia • resistance of a body to a change in linear
motion
• Anthropometry• measure of body dimensions
• ht, wt, girth, segment length, density
• Body Segment Parameters• mass, center of mass (gravity), radius of gyration