Download - Korean conflict
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Korea: The Forgotten War
“Freedom is not free.”Inscription on the Korean War Memorial, Washington, D.C.
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Korean History
• Inhabited by nomads nearly 9,000 years ago• Before imperialism by neighboring
countries- ruled by Dynasties• Koreans depend on the sea- sea food in
every meal, including breakfast• Korean proverb: When whales battle the
shrimp is crushed between them
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Geography
• 70% of Korea is covered by mountains• Seas surround Korea• The North is full of resources• The South has excellent areas for
agriculture
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Geo…Continued
• Understanding the size/climate is best related using comparisons -
• Korean Peninsula is about the size of Utah• South Korea is about the size of Oregon• Oregon has 3 million people, SK has 50
million people• DENSE populations
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Geography…Cont
• 70% of Korea is covered by mountains• Two major ranges encompass the eastern
seaboard from the south clear into Russia
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Geography…Seas
• Koreans depend on the sea• To the East and North: Sea of Japan (East Sea
from Korea)• South: Korean Strait, or South Sea (Where the two
major seas meet, it creates a unique environment) – Outside of Korea – called the East China Sea
• West: Yellow Sea (West Sea it is referred to in Korean)
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Road to War
• Chinese Imperialism• Russian Imperialism• Japanese Imperialism – until 1945
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Post WWII
• Two Zones (Spheres) of Influence:– Russian North– US South
Division: 38* N – Dividing line in comparison: Divide North and South Virginia (USA)
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North and South
• After the war the North and South take on the political characteristics of their “overseers”
• North – becomes Communist, ruled by Dictator Kim Il Sung
• South – becomes a questionable democracy, ruled by Syngmon Rhee
• Each ruler wanted to unite Korea in their own way!
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North Korea
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South Korea
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Catalyst for War:
• June of 1950, Northern Troops invade- crossing the 38th
• Seoul – capitol of South Korea, precariously placed
• General MacArthur is on the ground in Korea, calls for Truman to send troops- NOW!
• Police Action begins
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Vocabulary to know
• Cold War• Containment Policy• Domino Theory• Truman Doctrine• Bamboo Curtain/Iron Curtain
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Security Council – Free To Act!
• The Security Council – the main decision making body of the UN
• Soviets boycott the Security Council…Good for the US
• US is standing firm on their intent to help/ aid Korea.
• Security Council – majority vote!
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Let the fighting Begin:
• MacArthur pinned in the south• UN declares its blessing- grants assistance• Once the first wave of troops arrive,
MacArthur plans Inchon landing• Such success!
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Go North!
• MacArthur allowed to push North• His Goal: Reunify the nation, secure
democracy, retake the peninsula, drive the nail in the heart of the communists
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Trouble for MacArthur?
• Thanksgiving Day 1950 – MacArthur figured the war was about over…
• Chinese enter with 1 million Chinese troops • Push UN forces back into South Korea
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Chinese are coming!
• “Our” Forces consisted of (majority):• United States Army and Marines• South Korean regiments• And UN assistance (minority): Great
Britain, Turkey, France, Netherlands, Philippines and Australia
• Easily capture Pyongyang – Northern Cap.
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The Chinese are coming!
• Just before 1951, Chinese “volunteers” struck at the UN forces
• Siberian Winter: Troops face 40 below conditions- oil, blood plasma freeze at these temps
• Chinese hold up in hillsides, waiting to go in for the kill
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Deadly Winter ‘50-51
• UN troops begin to retreat, surrounded by Chinese
• Battle of the Chosin Reservoir- one of the bloodiest battles, highest military medals awarded- most in any conflict (Navy and Army)
• Shortly after, the day before Christmas, Seoul was again taken by the North
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Battle for Seoul
• New commander: Ridgway• January offensive, retake the capitol by
March• Communists continue to attempt its
recapture• UN troops are “dug in”… stalemate ensues
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Stalemate
• UN leaders, happy with control over the 38th and Seoul
• Truman has had enough – No talk of unifying Korea - looking at a limited war??
• Look for an honorable escape – term that will be all too familiar in Vietnam – Limited War?
• Beyond the 38th was now seen as unwinnable• MacArthur: UNACCEPTABLE!
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Goodbye General
• MacArthur insisted that the use of a nuke or two would end the war and allow the North to be captured
• MacArthur soon over steps his boundaries making public announcements that were going against the government
• Truman fires him for his open questioning of the President’s decision
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" . . . old soldiers never die they just fade away. And like the old soldier of the ballad, I
now close my military career and just fade away, an old soldier who tried to do his duty as God gave him the right to see that duty.
Goodbye."
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Stalemate drudges on…
• Ridgway grinds on• Small battles fought, no ground was lost or
gained• Peace was in the works, but America was
busy electing its first Republican President in 19 years
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It’s Eisenhower
• He’s got the power from ’53 to ’61• Republicans retake the White House• Nixon becomes the VP• First order of business: Resolve Korea• Second order: beat down McCarthy and the
Red Scare propagandists
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MASH
• A television series depicting the war was names after the mobile hospital units first used in Korea- M.A.S.H.
• What went on there? One doctor said- “Oh sex and liquor, what else is there”
(Mobile Army Surgical Hospital)
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