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VPM 152, Disturbances of Circulation, Lab 2: Hemorrhage, thrombosis and
infarction
Shannon Martinsonhttp://people.upei.ca/smartinson/
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VPM 152, Disturbances of Circulation, Lab 2: Hemorrhage, thrombosis and
infarction
•Arrange yourselves into groups of 6 and choose one of the 5 stations to work at
•Work through the questions (10 – 15 minutes)
•Then we will discuss them all together
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Hemorrhage
Causes
• Trauma
• Septicemia
• Neoplasia
• Coagulation disorders
• Thrombocytopenia
• Escape of blood from the cardiovascular system
• To the exterior or enclosed within a tissueHemorrhage
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Hemorrhage - examples
Trauma (gunshot ): hemorrhage to the exterior and within the tissues of the head.
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Hemorrhage - examples
Trauma (electrocution): fracture of the cervical vertebrae and hemorrhage into the surrounding soft tissues and into the spinal canal
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Hemorrhage - examples
Blood in the thoracic cavity = hemothorax
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Petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhage
• Pin-point foci of hemorrhage ~ 1-2 mm in sizePetechiae
• Blotchy irregular areas of hemorrhage >1-2 cmEcchymoses
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Hemorrhage - examples
Accumulation of blood in a tissue forming an extravascular clot
Dog: hematoma within the omentum
Hematoma
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Thrombosis
THROMBOSIS
Abnormal blood flow
Hyper-coagulability
Endothelial injury
• Formation of a solid mass within the blood vessels or heart – adhered to the endotheliumThrombosis
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Thrombosis
THROMBOSIS
Abnormal blood flow
Hyper-coagulability
Endothelial injury
Trauma, vasculitis (infectious or immune-mediated) toxins, neoplasia, DIC, etc
Local stasis or reduced flow, (egGI torsion), cardiac disease, aneurysm, turbulent blood flow
Can occur during inflammation, neoplasia, pregnancy, glomerulardisease, DIC, Cushing’s disease
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21 year old horse with recurrent bouts of colic. Euthanized and submitted for necropsy.
Horse case
Aorta
Cranial mesenteric artery
Describe the changes:
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Changes noted include: • Dilation of the
mesenteric artery
• Roughening of the intimal surface
• Clotted tan material adhered to the intima
15 year old horse with recurrent bouts of colic. Euthanized and submitted for necropsy.
Horse case
Inflammation (arteritis)
Thrombus
Aneurysm
Cranial mesenteric artery
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Changes noted include: • Dilation of the
mesenteric artery
• Roughening of the intimal surface
• Clotted tan material adhered to the intima
15 year old horse with recurrent bouts of colic. Euthanized and submitted for necropsy.
Horse case
inflammation (arteritis)
Thrombus
Aneurysm Abnormal blood flow
Endothelial injury
How do these changes lead to thrombosis?
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Horse case
Small (~1cm) slender worms embedded in the thrombus
_ Strongylusvulgaris
15 year old horse with recurrent bouts of colic. Euthanized and submitted for necropsy.
Fragments of a thrombus may break off →
embolus and become lodged further
downstream → intestinal infarction and colic
Possible sequella?
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Cat case5 year old cat with sudden marked pain , no femoral pulses and cold hind limbs
Describe the changes:
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Cat case
Changes noted:
• Tan to red friable mass within the lumen of caudal abdominal aorta and extending into the iliac arteries
= Aortic thrombus (saddle thrombus)
5 year old cat with sudden marked pain , no femoral pulses and cold hind limbs
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Cat case
Aortic thrombus (saddle thrombus)
Other changes noted:
• Enlarged heart
= Myocardial hypertrophy
• Dilation of the left atrium with a large tan thrombus within the chamber
= Mural thrombus, left atrium
5 year old cat with sudden marked pain , no femoral pulses and cold hind limbs
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Cat case
Abnormal blood flow
Mural thrombus
Embolization
Aortic thrombosis
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy → Heart enlargement with atrial dilation
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Infarcts
= Area of ischemic (coagulation) necrosis caused by occlusion of the arterial supply or the venous drainage
• Most infarcts result from thrombotic/embolic events or vascular occlusion due to twisting of a vessel
• Gross Appearance: Wedge-shaped areas with the base at the periphery and the apex towards the center. Acutely the are red to tan and raised. Chronically they are depressed firm and tan-white (fibrosis)
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Cow case
Kidney from a cow diagnosed with vegetative valvularendocarditis (mitral valve)
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Cow case
Describe the lesion:• Multiple, irregular areas of pallor surrounded by
a bright red rim are scattered multifocally over the cortical surface of the kidney
Kidney from a cow diagnosed with vegetative valvularendocarditis (mitral valve)
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Cow case
• These area extend into the parenchyma as wedges with the base at the cortical surface and the apex in the medulla.
On cut section:
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Cow case
Morphologic Diagnosis:
Renal infarcts, multifocal, acute
Kidney from a cow diagnosed with vegetative valvularendocarditis (mitral valve)
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Cow case
Possible Etiology:
Thromboembolism from the mitral valve lesion
Kidney from a cow diagnosed with vegetative valvularendocarditis (mitral valve)
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Dog case
12 year old dog suspected to have DIC
Generalized yellow discolouration of the tissues Icterus
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Dog case
12 year old dog suspected to have DIC
The lungs are wet and dark red Pulmonary edema and congestion
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Dog case
12 year old dog suspected to have DIC
Describe the lesion:
Morphologic diagnosis:
Myocardial infarcts, multifocal, acute
Multiple irregular areas of red discolouration surrounded by a thin zone of pallor
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Dog case
12 year old dog suspected to have DIC
DIC → increased coagulability of the blood → thrombosis of the myocardial vessels
Possible Etiology:
DIC = Disseminated intravascular coagulation → sudden formation of
widespread fibrin in microcirculation. Once the coagulation factors are consumed → hemorrhage may occur
DIC occurs secondary to: septicemia, shock, severe burns, systemic viral infection, neoplasia etc.
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Dog case
Renal and perirenalhemorrhage
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Questions ?
http://people.upei.ca/smartinson/